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Chapter 19 Pricing Concepts 2014
1.
©iStockphoto.com/ktsimage Lamb, Hair, McDaniel Chapter
19 Pricing Concepts 2013-2014 © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved.1
2.
Discuss the importance
of pricing decisions to the economy and to the individual firm List and explain a variety of pricing objectives Explain the role of demand in price determination 1 2 3 © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 2
3.
Understand the concept
of yield management systems Describe cost-oriented pricing strategies Demonstrate how the product life cycle, competition, distribution and promotion strategies, customer demands, the Internet and extranets, and perceptions of quality can affect price 4 5 6 © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 3
4.
Discuss the importance
of pricing decisions to the economy and to the individual firm The Importance of Price © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved.4 1
5.
The Importance of
Price Price allocates resources in a free-market economy To the consumer... Price is the cost of something To the seller... Price is revenue © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 5 1
6.
What is Price? •
Sacrifice Effect of Price – What is sacrificed to get a good or service • Money, Time, Dignity • Information Effect of Price – Infer quality information based on price • Higher quality = higher price • Convey status • Value Based upon Perceived Satisfaction – Reasonable Price = Perceived Reasonable Value • Exchange based on expectation of satisfaction © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 6 1
7.
The Importance of
Price to Marketing Managers Revenue The price charged to customers multiplied by the number of units sold. Profit Revenue minus expenses. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 7 1
8.
Trends Influencing Price Flood
of new products Increased availability of bargain-priced private and generic brands Price cutting as a strategy to maintain or regain market share Internet used for comparison shopping U.S. recession from late 2007 to 2009. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 8 1
9.
List and explain
a variety of pricing objectives Pricing Objectives © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved.9 2
10.
Pricing Objectives Profit Oriented Sales
Oriented Status Quo © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 10 2
11.
© Cengage Learning
2014. All Rights Reserved. 11 Profit-Oriented Pricing Objectives Profit-Oriented Pricing Objectives Profit Maximization Satisfactory Profits Target Return on Investment 2
12.
Profit Maximization Setting prices
so that total revenue is as large as possible relative to total costs. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 12 2
13.
Return on Investment (ROI) ROI
= Net Profit after taxes Total assets Net profit after taxes divided by total assets. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 13 2
14.
© Cengage Learning
2014. All Rights Reserved. 14 Sales-Oriented Pricing Objectives Market Share Sales Maximization Sales-Oriented Pricing Objectives 2
15.
Market Share A company’s
product sales as a percentage of total sales for that industry. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 15 2
16.
Sales Maximization Short-term objective
to maximize sales Ignores profits, competition, and the marketing environment May be used to sell off excess inventory © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 16 2
17.
© Cengage Learning
2014. All Rights Reserved. 17 Status Quo Pricing Objectives Maintain existing prices Meet competition’s prices Status Quo Pricing Objectives 2
18.
Explain the role
of demand in price determination The Demand Determinant of Price © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved.18 3
19.
The Demand Determinant of
Price Demand The quantity of a product that will be sold in the market at various prices for a specified period. Supply The quantity of a product that will be offered to the market by a supplier at various prices for a specific period. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 19 3
20.
Exhibit 19.2 © Cengage
Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 20 Price per package of gourmet cookies ($) Packages of gourmet cookies demanded per week Price per package of gourmet cookies ($) Packages of gourmet cookies demanded per week 3.00 35 1.50 85 2.50 50 1.00 120 2.00 65
21.
Exhibit 19.3 © Cengage
Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 21 Price per package of gourmet cookies ($) Packages of gourmet cookies supplied per week Price per package of gourmet cookies ($) Packages of gourmet cookies supplied per week 3.00 140 1.50 85 2.50 130 1.00 25 2.00 110
22.
How Demand and
Supply Establish Price Price Equilibrium The price at which demand and supply are equal. Elasticity of Demand Consumers’ responsiveness or sensitivity to changes in price. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 22 3
23.
Exhibit 19.4 © Cengage
Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 23 3
24.
Elasticity of Demand Elastic Demand Consumers
buy more or less of a product when the price changes. Inelastic Demand An increase or a decrease in price will not significantly affect demand. Unitary Elasticity An increase in sales exactly offsets a decrease in prices, so total revenue remains the same. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 24 3
25.
Elasticity of Demand Elasticity
(E) = Percentage change in quantity demanded of good A Percentage change in price of good A If E > 1, demand is elastic. If E < 1, demand is inelastic. If E = 1, demand is unitary. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 25 3
26.
Elasticity of Demand ©
Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 26 Price Goes… Revenue Goes… Demand is… Down Up Elastic Down Down Inelastic Up Up Inelastic Up Down Elastic Up or Down Stays the Same Unitary Elasticity 3
27.
Factors that Affect Elasticity
of Demand Availability of substitutes Price relative to purchasing power Product durability A product’s other uses Rate of inflation © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 27 3
28.
Understand the concept
of yield management systems The Power of Yield Management Systems © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved.28 4
29.
Yield Management Systems Discounting
early purchases Limiting early sales at discounted prices Overbooking capacity © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 29 4
30.
Yield Management Systems Yield
Management Systems (YMS) make it possible for a company to: 1. stimulate demand when demand is low, and 2. maximize profits when demand is high. . © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 30 4
31.
SOURCE: “Dynamic Pricing
Schemes—Established Supplier Led Pricing—Yield Management,” online at http://www.managingchange.com/hynamic/yieldmgt.htm, accessed November 7, 2007. Yield Management Systems Supply Side of Product or Service High Office block House Airline seat Utilities Sport event Rental car Low Shirt Pencils Food Tropical fish Low High CapitalIntensity Perishability © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved.31
32.
SOURCE: “Dynamic Pricing
Schemes—Established Supplier Led Pricing—Yield Management,” online at http://www.managingchange.com/hynamic/yieldmgt.htm, accessed November 7, 2007. Yield Management Systems Variabilityof Demand Demand Side of Product or Service High Utilities Highway use Telephone Airline seat Sport event Rental car Mobile phone Low Food Music CD Shirt Office block Laptop House Low High Variability of Value © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved.32
33.
Describe cost- oriented pricing strategies The
Cost Determinant of Price © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved.33 5
34.
The Cost Determinant
of Price Varies with changes in level of output Types of Costs Variable Cost Fixed Cost Does not change as level of output changes © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 34 5
35.
The Cost Determinant of
Price Average Variable Cost (AVC) – total variable cost divided by quantity of output Average Total Cost (ATC) – total costs divided by quantity of output Marginal Cost (MC) – the change in total costs associated with a one-unit change in output © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 35 5
36.
The Cost Determinant of
Price Break-Even Pricing Profit Maximization Pricing Keystoning Markup pricing Methods Used to Set Prices © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 36 5
37.
Markup Pricing Markup Pricing The cost
of buying the product from the producer plus amounts for profit and for expenses not otherwise accounted for. Keystoning The practice of marking up prices by 100 percent, or doubling the cost. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 37 5
38.
Profit Maximization Profit Maximization A method
of setting prices that occurs when marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Marginal Revenue (MR) The extra revenue associated with selling an extra unit of output, or the change in total revenue with a one-unit change in output. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 38 5
39.
Exhibit 19.7 Costs, Revenues,
and Universal Sportswear © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 39
40.
Break-Even Pricing Break-Even Quantity = Total fixed
costs Fixed cost contribution Fixed cost Contribution = Price - Avg. Variable Cost © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 40 5
41.
Demonstrate how the
product life cycle, competition, distribution and promotion strategies, customer demands, the Internet and extranets, and perceptions of quality can affect price Other Determinants of Price © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved.41 6
42.
Other Determinants of Price Perceived
Quality Promotion Strategy Distribution Strategy Competition Stages of the Product Life Cycle © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 42 6
43.
Stages in the Product
Life Cycle Introductory stage – prices high Growth stage – prices stabilize Maturity stage – price decreases Decline stage – price decreases © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 43 6
44.
The Competition High prices
may induce firms to enter the market Competition can lead to price wars © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 44 6
45.
Distribution Strategy Manufacturers Wholesalers/Retailers •
Offer a larger profit margin or trade allowance • Use exclusive distribution • Franchising • Avoid business with price-cutting discounters • Develop brand loyalty • Sell against the brand • Buy gray-market goods © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 45 6
46.
The Impact of
the Internet Shopping Bots A program that searches the Web for the best price for a particular item. Internet Auctions Business-to-business auctions are likely to be the dominant form of online auctions in the future. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 46 6
47.
Promotion Strategy Price is
often used as a promotional tool to increase consumer interest. Examples: 1. Pittsburgh Zoo – $5 admission for wearing a tie-dye shirt 2. Crested Butte Ski Resort – free skiing between Thanksgiving and Christmas 3. Bugle Boy – uncut competition by offering pants to retailers at wholesale prices © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 47 6
48.
Demands of Large Customers Require
suppliers to pay cash rebates if stores’ profit margins aren’t met. Fines for violations of ticketing, packing, and shipping rules. © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 48 6
49.
The Relationship of Price
to Quality Charging a high price to help promote a high- quality image. Prestige Pricing © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 49 6
50.
Dimensions of Quality 1.
Ease of use 2. Versatility 3. Durability 4. Serviceability 5. Performance 6. Prestige © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved. 50 6
51.
Chapter 19 Video Ski
Butternut Ski Butternut is a ski mountain in the Berkshires dedicated to offering a great family ski value. In this video, Matt Sawyer discusses the various ways that Ski Butternut uses pricing to drive new business and local business to the mountain. He also discusses how correct pricing can help the next year’s business model through season pass sales. CLICK TO PLAY VIDEO © Cengage Learning 2014. All Rights Reserved.51
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