Radcliff, S. & Wong, E. Librarians Leading the Charge: Collaborating with Faculty to Design Evidenced-Based Instruction. Presented at California Academic and Research Libraries (CARL) 2014 conference.
Librarians at Saint Mary’s College of California will present part two of their study, following their 2012 CARL conference presentation: “English Composition Students: How Are They Using Their Sources?” Having discovered through this research that students do have problems paraphrasing, quoting, integrating and citing their sources, Librarians, in collaboration with English Composition faculty, designed a new study to test out three instructional methods (behaviorist, cognitive and social constructivist) on teaching integration and citing of sources in six sections of advanced English Composition classes. Results of the three methods will be evaluated through pre/post test scores and correlated with a content analysis of the students’ research papers. The results of the content analysis will also be used to compare past studies’ results and presented to English Composition faculty in part three of the librarians’ study. All three methods and the lesson plans will be made available for faculty to use with the knowledge of how effective the methods are in relation to specific student learning outcomes.
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Librarians Leading the Charge: Collaborating with Faculty to Design Evidenced-Based Instruction
1. Librarians Leading the Charge:
Collaborating with Faculty to Design
Evidenced-Based Instruction
Presenters:
Sharon Radcliff and EliseY Wong
Saint Mary’s College of California
1
2. What are the Effects ofVaried
Instructional Methods?
Behaviorist, cognitivist, and social
constructivist instructions
Pre/post tests comparison
Impact on student performance on citing
and integrating sources
2
3. How Well Composition Students
Cite and Integrate Sources?
In-text citations and bibliographies
Types of sources used in bibliographies
Paraphrasing vs. quoting
How quotations are integrated
3
4. Our Study Objectives
Assess the effectiveness of different
instructional methods
Students' citing behaviors
Examine how sources are integrated
Evaluate students' citation performance
Students’ writing proficiency and faculty
expectation
4
5. About Saint Mary’s College
Catholic, Lasallian, liberal arts college
Undergraduate and graduate schools
Total enrollment: 4257
Total full time students: 3746
Number of full-time faculty: 213
Student-faculty ratio: 13:1
Average class size: 20
5
6. Who are SMC Students?
Female: 59%; Male: 41%
White: 43%, Latino: 25%,Asian: 14%,
African-American/Black: 2%, others: 16%
87% freshmen from California
99% of freshmen living on campus
Tuition and fees: $39,890
% of full-time undergraduate receiving
financial aid: 86%
6
7. SMC New Core Curriculum
Information Evaluation and
Research Practices
Students will learn to judge the
authenticity, validity, reliability, and
originality of the sources of information
they use
7
8. SMC Composition Program
Learning outcomes for ENG 5 includes:
Develop search strategies and use library
resources to locate relevant materials
Practice evaluating sources critically
Evaluate and synthesize evidence
Properly integrating and citing sources
8
9. Learning Theories Overview
Gredler, M. E. (2009). Learning and instruction:
Theory into practice (4th ed.). New Jersey:
Merrill.
Hergenhahn, B. R. & Olson, M. H. (2005). An
introduction to theories of learning (7th ed.).
New Jersey: Prentice.
Leonard, D. C. (2002). Learning theories,A to
Z. Connecticut: Greenwood.
Schunk, D. H. (2008). Learning theories :An
educational perspective (5th ed.). New Jersey:
Merrill/Prentice.
9
10. Behaviorist Models
Learning is shaped by a change in behavior
E.Thorndike, J.Watson, & B. F. Skinner
Classical and operant conditioning
theories
Stimulus-Response, positive/negative
reinforcement, rewards & punishment,
behavior modification
10
11. Cognitivist Models
Learning progresses in stages
Component display theory (D. Merrill);
Social cognitivist theory (A. Bandura);
Stage theory of cognitive development (J.
Piaget);
Elaboration theory (Reigeluth);
Conditions of learning (R. Gagne)
Information processing schemas, mastery
learning, concept mapping, scaffolding
11
12. Social Constructivist Models
Learning is interactive, reciprocal, and
collaborative
L.Vygotsky, J. Bruner, D. Kolb, C. Rogers
Problem based learning; Discovery
learning; Social development theory
Inquiry based, active learning, learner-
centered, experiential/situated learning
12
13. Studies on LearningTheories and
Instruction
Blummer, B., Kenton, J. M., & Liyan, S. (2010).The Design and
Assessment of a Proposed Library Training Unit for
Education Graduate Students. Internet Reference Services
Quarterly, 15(4), 227-242.
Miranda, M.V. (2009). Creating the Successful Community
College Student: Using Behaviorism to Foster
Constructivism. Community College Enterprise, 15(1), 21-38.
Sulaiman, J. J., & Dwyer, F. F. (2002).The Effect ofVaried
Instructional Text Design Strategies on the Achievement of
Different Educational Objectives. International Journal Of
Instructional Media, 29(2), 215-224.
Yilmaz, K. (2008). Social Studies Teachers'Views of Learner-
Centered Instruction. European Journal OfTeacher
Education, 31(1), 35-53.
13
14. Highlights from the Studies
A collaboration between faculty and librarian in a
library training unit for information literacy using
direct instruction and inquiry-based approach
(Blummer, 2010)
Constructivism is not always better than
Behaviorism (Miranda, 2009)
Strategies have varying influences on student
achievement depending on types of learning
objectives (Sulaiman, 2002)
Faculty participants identify their teaching style
more with cognitive and constructivist approach
than the behaviorist approach (Yilmaz, 2008)
14
15. Research Background
SMC librarians have done two major bibliographic
studies and two internal citation study over the
past 10 years.
The first bibliographic study was done on 9
Composition sections in 2004; the second was
done on 13 sections in 2006.
The first internal citation study was a pilot study
of 25 papers done in 2008. In the second internal
citation study (2010), 85 papers were analyzed.
15
16. Library Instruction Classes
SMC librarians traditionally do an
instruction session for every section of
ENG 5 (25-28 sections)
Library session is now required for ENG
4
Library instruction for ENG 4 and 5
includes group work and tutorials on
search strategies, evaluating and citing
sources.
16
19. Faculty Survey
15 questions regarding their classroom
practice on MLA citing and integrating
sources (12/28 responses)
Instruction via group work, lecture, and
individual exercises
All devote class time on integrating sources;
most on MLA; some also give take-home
assignments
All require students to submit work-cited
page; most require students to consult
specific types of sources
19
20. Survey highlights
All respondents devote class time on
integration of sources; 10 give take home
assignments
11 devote class time on MLA; 8 give take home
assignments
7 give at least one research paper
11 require students to consult specific types of
sources
9 include quality of work cited page into grading
rubric
11 devote class time on ethical use of sources
20
21. Instructional Methods
Integrating sources, quoting, paraphrasing, MLA
citation (in-text and bibliographic)
Six participating faculty members randomly assigned
to teach one of the following:
◦ Behaviorist: Mostly direct lecture; students complete
exercises individually in class; candies were used as
incentives
◦ Cognitivist: Series of mini-lectures/discussions, inter-
woven with students working on examples with
increasing levels of difficulty
◦ Social constructivist: Brief introductory lecture;
students then work on examples in groups
21
22. Pre/Post Tests
Tests were given before and after the
instruction during one class period
10 questions per test
Learning objectives of both tests:
◦ Understand the purpose of citing
◦ Identify the key components of a citation
◦ Identify basic format in MLA for in text and
bibliographic citations
◦ Learn how to identify good uses of paraphrasing
and quoting as part of integrating material from a
source into a research paper
22
28. Results: Pre/PostTest Scores for all
3 Groups
All groups
n=103
Pre-Test
Score
Post-Test
Score
Difference
Mean 8.0 8.87 .87
SD 1.4 .97
28
29. Whole Group Increase in Scores
from Pre-Test to Post-Test
After performing a t-test on the two results:
pre and post test score means; it was
determined that this change was statistically
significant at the .05 level.
So although no difference in performance could
be detected between the learning theory
groups, all the mean test scores improved test
after the treatment (instruction session)
29
30. Analysis of Results
The post-test scores went up by varying
amounts (behaviorist: .66; cognitivists: 1.43;
social constructivists: .57) for all learning
theory groups.
The cognitivists group showed the largest
gain; however after a statistical analysis was
performed (2-way ANOVA) it was
determined that the difference between
groups was not statistically significant at
p<.05
30
31. Implications
Providing students with lessons based in the
behaviorist, cognitivist and social
constructivist methods improves their
performance on tests measuring citation
skills.The test results are somewhat
mitigated because the results for each group
did not show a normal curve but were
negatively skewed, (students tended to score
high), so results must be viewed with
caution.
31
32. Results: Content Analysis of Final
Papers by Learning Theory Groups
We analyzed all papers and reporting:
Content of bibliographies by item type.
Percentage of bibliography items cited in paper
Number of factual items in paper not cited
Percentages of citations that are paraphrased,
quoted and if quoted, introduced and /or analyzed.
Rubric scores for format of in-text and
bibliographic citations.
32
33. We collected papers only from
students present during the session
Behaviorist n=33
Cognitivists n=33
Social Constructivists n=30
33
37. Percentage of Bibliography Cited
37
93.02%
85.75%
81.10%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
Behaviorist Cognitivist Social Constructivist
Percentage of Bibliography cited in Paper
38. Rubrics for bibliographies:
simple & complex citations
4 (Excellent): Mostly free of error except for minor
punctuation, and small formatting problems. No
elements should be left out of a citation
3 (Very Good): Simple citations may have very few
minor punctuation and formatting errors; complex
citations may contain minor errors in punctuation and
order; 1-2 omission of minor elements are allowed
2 (Fair): Some simple citations may have errors in
punctuation, order, or minor omission of elements;
complex citations may be missing major elements
1 (Poor):Widespread problems in both simple and
complex citations showing errors in punctuation, order,
and omission of major elements
38
40. Rubrics for internal citations
4 (Excellent):Almost perfect, minor
punctuation problems
3 (Very Good): Occasional elements
omitted; bib source can still be identified
2 (Fair): Some citations do not uniquely
identify sources in bibliography; no more
than 1-2 citations completely absent
1 (Poor): Some or most citations completely
absent
40
42. Percentage of data not cited
42
13.31%
11.21%
13.64%
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
Behaviorist Cognitivist Social Constructivist
Percentage of data not cited
45. Percentage Quoted with Intro Only
45
14.84%
2.45%
12.86%
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
Behaviorist Cognitivist Social Constructivist
QuotedWith Introduction only
46. Percentage Quoted with Analysis
Only
46
14.84%
5.39%
3.57%
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
Behaviorist Cognitivist Social Constructivist
Percent Quoted with Analysis Only
47. Percentage Quoted with No Intro
or Analysis
47
2.75%
3.92%
1.43%
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2.50%
3.00%
3.50%
4.00%
4.50%
Behaviorist Cognitivist Social Constructivist
Quoted with no Intro or analysis
48. Percentage Quoted with Intro &
Analysis
48
67.58%
88.24%
82.14%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
Behaviorist Cognitivist Social Constructivist
Quoted with Intro and Analysis
49. Paraphrased & Quoted with Intro &
Analysis
49
84.68%
94.15% 94.58%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
Behaviorist Cognitivist Social Constructivist
Paraphrased and Quoted with Intro and Analysis
50. Discussion
The most sources cited by all 3 groups
◦ Journal articles
% bibliography cited in paper
◦ Behaviorist 93% (highest)
% of claims not cited in paper
◦ Cognitivist 11% (lowest)
Quality of bibliography
◦ Social Constructivist 3.44 (very good)
In-text citation rating
◦ Cognitivist 2.65 (fair)
50
51. Discussion
Paraphrasing vs. quoting
◦ Social Constructivist 70/30
Quotes with introduction & analysis
◦ Cognitivist 88%
Paraphrasing and proper integration of
quotes (P + IQA)
◦ Social Constructivist 95%
The winner…
◦ Cognitivist
◦ and Social Constructivist
51
52. Limitations of This Study
This study was limited to Saint Mary’s
Students; random selection was not possible
as we used already formed sections of
English Composition. Results may differ for
other groups of students at other
institutions.
Statistical testing of content analysis of final
papers (between groups) was not analyzed.
Teacher variability might have impacted the
differences between learning theory groups.
Transference from knowledge to practice
was not explored.
52
53. Preliminary data comparison:
2010 and 2013
2010 2013
Paraphrasing/
Quoting
60/40 50/50 (B, C)
70/30 (SC)
Bibliography cited 78% 86.8%
Internal citations 14% not cited 12.69% not cited
Proper integration
of quotes (IQA) 53% 79.23%
53
54. Future Analysis
We will compare this whole group to the
papers collected in 2010 to see if there are
statistically significant changes in terms of
using, integrating, and citing sources.
Radcliff, S., & Wong, E. (2012). English
Composition students: How are they using their
sources? Paper presented at CARL
Conference 2012, San Diego, CA, 5-7 April.
54
55. Direction of Future Studies
More research could be done in this area by
applying learning theory to instructional design
and assessing the results. Using a standardized
or previously piloted test is desirable to get
stronger results. Correlation to skill level by
learning theory could be explored.
The ACRL Assessment in Action project
broadens the focus of assessment while
exploring an experimental method focusing on
transferring critical thinking skills to the
composition 5 research process.
55
56. Faculty, Librarians, and Writing
Center Instructors
Feedback and recommendations on
improving students’ research writing skills
Create ongoing discussion of learning
theory and designing instruction for
information literacy and learning how to
cite
56
57. Faculty feedback
Opinion on the 3 methods were generally
favorable
Most gave positive comments on the quality of
handouts and lesson plan
More challenging examples are needed
A "one-shot deal" is not an effective treatment
A variety of learning strategies “in context”
enhances student learning process
Future collaborations to design
workshops/tutorials
57
58. Librarians feedback
Instruction methods vary according to
different learning levels
A blend of learning theories maybe the most
effective approach in facilitating a diverse
classroom environment
Library instruction and tutorials should be
embedded and scaffolded in tandem with the
course
On-going collaboration with faculty and
writing center is essential
58
59. Special thanks to our
participating Composition faculty
Gabrielle Myers
Glen Carl Silva
Katherine Field
Kathryn S. Koo
Valerie Sullivan
Victoria Phillips
59
Facts & figures http://www.stmarys-ca.edu/about-smc/facts-figures(2014)
SMC New Core Curriculum started Fall 2012They will be able to do the research necessary to weigh evidence objectively in traditional and electronic formats.In addition to English Composition courses, an upper division course in a specific discipline (WID) will need to have a research and writing component built into it.
Write analytical, evaluative, and argumentative essaysEmploy research skills in writingSynthesize evidence; support, and cite argument with sources
Most ENG4 classes commence in Fall semester; ENG5 classes in the Spring
SMC Librarians have a long history of collaboration with the English Composition department.Curriculum design: incorporating library research and consultation as part of the learning outcomes and assignmentsInstruction: librarians can use their expertise on research methods, processes and sources to teach the research component of the course.Research: provides both composition faculty and librarians with assessment student performance in various areas and thus on how well existing teaching methods are working