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Eating
House mice usually run, walk, or stand on all fours, but when eating, fighting, or orienting themselves, they rear
up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail – a behaviour known as “tripoding”. Mice are good
jumpers, climbers, and swimmers, and are generally considered to be thigmotactic, i.e. usually attempts to
maintain contact with vertical surfaces.
Mice are mostly crepuscular or nocturnal; they are averse to bright lights. The average sleep time of a captive
house mouse is reported to be 12.5 hours per day. They live in a wide variety of hidden places near food
sources, and construct nests from various soft materials. Mice are territorial, and one dominant male usually lives
together with several females and young. Dominant males respect each other’s territories and normally enter
another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become
aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth.
House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients
produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit.
Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free
living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and
elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human
settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such
as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species
Social behaviour
The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable
to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house
mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings.
House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context.
House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal.
Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small
home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have
an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent
infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a
small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in
polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male
and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally
nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no
related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females.
In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These
populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in
the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging
species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come
[citation needed]
]
[24][25]
]
[25]
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word tarmes. Termite nests were commonly known asterminarium or termitaria. In early English, termites
were known as wood ants or white ants. The modern term was first used in 1781.
Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]
The external appearance of the giant northern termiteMastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of the close
relationship between termites and cockroaches
DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences has supported a hypothesis, originally suggested by Cleveland and
colleagues in 1934, that these insects are most closely related to the woodeating cockroaches (genus
Cryptocercus, the woodroach). This earlier conclusion had been based on the similarity of the symbiotic gut
flagellates in the woodeating cockroaches to those in certain species of termites regarded as living fossils. In the
1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological
characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs. These similarities have led some authors to
propose that termites be reclassified as a single family, Termitidae, within the order Blattodea, which contains
cockroaches. Other researchers advocate the more conservative measure of retaining the termites as
Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level
and below.
Fossilised Nanotermes isaacaetermite alate in Cambay amber
The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites
and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, it is likely that they
originated at least in the Jurassic or Triassic. Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the
extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termiteeating
mammals.
[3][4]
[3] [5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9][10]
[11]
[12][13][14]
[15]
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Claims for an earlier time period for the emergence of termites stand on controversial footing. For example, F. M.
Weesner indicated that Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago, and
fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive
living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas. It is even possible that the first termites
emerged during theCarboniferous. Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus. The
folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a,
resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern. On the other hand, Krishna et
al. consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to
termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera.
Evolutionary Relationships of Blattodea, showing the placement of some termite families
It has long been accepted that termites are closely related to cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in
the same superorder (Dictyoptera). There is strong evidence suggesting that termites are highly specialised
woodeating cockroaches. The cockroach genusCryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with
termites and is considered to be a sistergroup to termites. Termites and Cryptocercus share similar
morphological and social features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics,
butCryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other social behaviour such as trophallaxis andallogrooming.
The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroachlike
characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the
wings. Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagodea.
Although termites are sometimes called “white ants”, they are actually not ants. Ants belong to the family
Formicidae within the order Hymenoptera. The similarity of their social structure to that of termites is attributed
to convergent evolution. The oldest termite nest discovered is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in west
Texas, where the oldest known faecal pellets were also discovered.
As of 2013, about 3,106 living and fossil termite species are recognised, classified in 12 families. The infraorder
Isoptera is divided into the following clade and family groups, showing the subfamilies in their respective
classification
TIGER MOSQUITOES NEW JERSEY 7323094209
Feeding & reproduction[change | change source]
Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the
females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many
[16]
[17]
[18] [9]
[17]
[19]
[20][21]
[22]
[23][24]
[25]
[26] [27]
[28]
[29]
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another’s territory only if it is vacant. If two or more males are housed together in a cage, they often become
aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth.
House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but are omnivorous.They eat their own faeces to acquire nutrients
produced by bacteria in their intestines. House mice, like most other rodents, do not vomit.
Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free
living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and
elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human
settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such
as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species
Social behaviour
The social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into speciesspecific patterns but is instead adaptable
to the environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and space. This adaptability allows house
mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings.
House mice have two forms of social behaviour, the expression of which depends on the environmental context.
House mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal.
Commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small
home ranges. This causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals. When populations have
an excess of food, there is less femalefemale aggression, which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent
infanticide. Malemale aggression occurs in commensal populations, mainly to defend female mates and protect a
small territory.The high level of malemale aggression, with a low femalefemale aggression level is common in
polygamous populations The social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male
and two or more females, usually related. These groups breed cooperatively, with the females communally
nursing. This cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success. When no
related females are present, breeding groups can form from nonrelated females.
In open areas such as shrubs and fields, the house mouse population is known as noncommensal. These
populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories. Femalefemale aggression in
the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher, reaching a level generally attributed to freeranging
species. Male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations. In commensal populations, males come
into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated
or the risk of injury becomes too great.
Both commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all
intruders. Males mark their territory by scent marking with urine. In marked territories, intruders showed
significantly lower aggression than the territory residents.House mice show a malebiased dispersal; males
generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are
opportunistic breeders rather than seasona
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]
[24][25]
]
[25]