This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its causes, classification, pathogenesis, pathology, and complications. It defines hypertension as a sustained increase in blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. Hypertension is classified as either essential (primary) in 95% of cases where the cause is unknown, or secondary in 5-10% of cases where an underlying cause like renal disease is present. Untreated hypertension can lead to damage of blood vessels and vital organs over time through mechanisms like atherosclerosis, increasing the risks of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure and retinal damage.

1. Keep
Smiling….!

“It will help you to grow up
in
greater happiness & Love for
each
other.
"

2. Pathology of
Hypertension
Work by : Elgilani Zaher

4. Regulation of BP
BP = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance
• Endocrine Factors
– Renin, Angiotensin, ANP, ADH, Aldosterone.
• Neural Factors
– Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
• Blood Volume
– Sodium, Mineralocorticoids(steroids), ANP
• Cardiac Factors
– Heart rate & Contractility.

5. Hypertension
• Silent Killer – painless – complications
• dizziness, headache, and visual difficulties,
• It is the leading risk factor – MI, Stroke
• Responsible for the majority of emergency visits.
• Number one reason for drug prescription.
• Complications bring to diagnosis but late…
• Chronic, end organ & vascular damage

6. Characters of HTN
• “Sustained increase in blood
pressure”
•Systolic >140, Diastolic > 90 mmHg
• Normal* < 130 <85 (120/80 +/- 10/5)
• Mild + 20, Moderate +40 Severe +80
• Malignant - > 210/120

7. Etiologic Classification
• Essential (Primary) Hypertension (95%)
–Unknown etiology, Increased peripheral resistance, Life style, genetic
• Secondary Hypertension (5-10%)
– Renal – GN, RAAS, Renin tumors
– Endocrine – Cushing syndrome , OCP, Thyrotoxicosis
Myxedema, Pheochromocytoma, Acromegaly.
– Vascular – Coarctation of Aorta, PAN, Aortic
insufficiency.
– Neurogenic – Psychogenic, Intracranial
pressure, polyneuritis.

9. Pathological types of hypertension
The commonest type 95% Rare 5%
Usually above 40 years Younger age (25-53)
Slowly progressive Rabidly progressive
Long term (30 or more) Short fatal

10. Malignant Hypertension
• Rapidly progressive end organ damage.
• May complicate any type of HTN.
• Artery necrosis with thrombosis.
• Rapidly developing renal failure.
• Hypertensive encephalopathy.
• Left ventricular failure.
• less time  No hypertrophy …!

11. Pathogenesis of Renovascular HTN
GF
R
Renin
Angiotensin
II
Vasoconstrictio
n P.
Resistance
Sodium
Retention
Blood
Volume
Aldosteron
e
Hypertensio
n

12. Morphology
• Large Blood Vessels – Macroangiopathy
– Atherosclerosis and its complications.
• Small Blood Vessels – Microangiopathy
– Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis (thick arterioles)
• Heart
– LVH, Hypertensive cardiomyopathy IHD, MI
• Kidney
– Benign nephrosclerosis.
• Eyes:
– Hypertensive retinopathy
• Brain:
– Haemorrhage, infarction
(splinter hemorrhages & Lacunar infarcts)

13. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Left Ventricular
Hypertrophy
Left Ventricular
Hypertrophy

14. Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis
Onion Skin
Thickening
Onion Skin
Thickening
Of
arterioles.
Of
arterioles.
Narrow
Lumen
Narrow
Lumen

15. Nephrosclerosis in HTN

16. Necrotizing arteriole( Malignant HTN)
Fibrinoid
Necrosis
Fibrinoid
Necrosis
Thrombosi
s
Thrombosi
s

17. Normal Retina (Fundoscopy)

18. Cause of death
Herat failure (60%) Acute renal failure
Cerebral hemorrhage (30%)
Chronic renal failure (10%)
Cerebral hemorrhage
Heart failure

19. Conclusions
• Persistent increased blood pressure..
• 95% Essential, 5% secondary - Renovascular
• Benign and Malignant types (>120 Diastolic)
• Vessel damage & Arteriolosclerosis
• Complicates - Atherosclerosis, Diabetes, IHD
• Ischemia or Infarction in end organs.
• Kidney, Brain, Heart & Eyes.
• Complications: Nephrosclerosis, renal damage,
IHD, MI, Stroke & Retinopathy.