Program and Policy Innovations at the Water Energy Nexus, presented by Meredith Younghein at the Electrochemical Energy Summit in San Francisco on October 27.
Exploring the Future Potential of AI-Enabled Smartphone Processors
Program and Policy Innovations at the Water Energy Nexus
1. Program and Policy Innovations
at the Water-Energy Nexus
Electrochemical Society Energy-Water Nexus Symposium
Meredith Leigh Younghein, JD
Water/Energy Analyst
California Public Utilities Commission
State Water Resources Control Board
2. Big Picture Questions:
• What is the potential for saving energy and reducing
GHGs via the water sector in CA?
• When water efficiency programs save energy and
reduce GHGs, how do we account for these
savings?
– What is the value to energy and water ratepayers?
– What is the value to California?
3. Water and Climate
AB 32 forms the basis for most climate and energy activities in
California:
AB 32 Scoping Plan (2008) Goals for Water :
• Water Efficiency: 20% by 2020
• Water Recycling: 23% municipal by 2030
• Water System Energy Efficiency: 20% = 4400Gwh/yr
• On-site generation at water agencies 2100 Gwh/yr
• Water/Energy Team of the Climate Action Team Oversight
4. CPUC-Past Efforts on Water-Energy
• Three comprehensive studies on Water-Energy Relationship in
California (2009-2012)
• Water-Energy Pilot Projects (2007-2011)
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–
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Leak/loss detection and pressure management
Landscape irrigation efficiency
High efficiency toilets
Ozone laundry
More
• All materials can be downloaded via:
http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/Energy+Efficiency/WaterEnergy+Nexus+Programs.htm
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5. CPUC Energy Efficiency Guidance
Decision 12-05-015
DIRECTIVES FOR WATER/ENERGY:
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•
•
•
5
Document water savings benefits from Energy Efficiency projects
Expand Agricultural programs for water/energy
Work with Local Governments and Regional Energy Networks
Determine potential for program expansion in 2015
6. Current Water/Energy Activities
Investor Owned Utilities, via energy efficiency programs:
1) increase targeting of agricultural and industrial customers--the
largest end users of water in the state.
2) Target programs with small and medium water utilities
3) Develop programs with water agencies for leak-loss
detection/remediation and pressure management services for water
entities
4) Develop cost-effectiveness method for joint-water energy savings
projects
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7. Current Program Portfolio:
Reducing Energy used by Water Sector
• Energy Efficiency programs:
– “Industrial” Custom projects for water agencies/utilities/districts
– Local Government and Institutional Partnerships
– Agricultural: pumping & irrigation efficiency
• Integrated Demand Side Management
– Encouraging DR and DG simultaneously with EE improvements
• Continuous Energy Improvement
– create and implement strategic energy management plans at water
agencies
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8. New Activities: Aimed at Embedded Energy
Savings
•
8
Commission Guidance Decision (May 2012)
– IOUs to expand water-energy efficiency programs,
including:
» leak/loss detection and
pressurization studies at water
utilities
» Joint water/energy programs for
industrial and agricultural
customers
9. Examples of New Water/Energy Programs
• SoCalEdison: Leak/Loss Audits/Repairs and Pressurization Studies
– South Bay Cities Council of Governments: Cities of: El Segundo,
Lomita, Manhattan Beach, and Inglewood
– City of Westminster
• San Diego: Commercial Landscape Irrigation Efficiency
– New technologies: moisture sensors, weather prediction
• SoCalEdison: Continuous Energy Improvement Cohort
– Public Water Agencies in Orange County
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10. Energy Innovations in Water
• Water Agencies in CA are leaders in onsite renewable generation
• Traditional: on-site biogas fired engines at
Wastwater/Sanitation Facilities
• New/emerging: Fuel cells, on-site
wind/solar, in-conduit hydro, transportation
fuels, pipeline injection
11. Inland Empire Utilities Agency Overview
Service Area
• 240 Square Miles
• 850,000 People
• 7 Facilities
•
•
•
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Wastewater Treatment (4)
Water Treatment (1)
Biosolids Treatment (2)
Composting Facility (1)
• Platinum LEED
Headquarters Building
12. IEUA--Peak Power Independence by 2020
15,000
Conservation / Efficiency
12,000
Summer Peak Load (kW)
Fuel Cell
Wind
9,000
Solar
6,000
3,000
Food Waste to Energy
Purchased from Grid
0
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
13. IEUA Fuel Cell
Technology
•
•
•
•
On-Line 1/1/13
Run on 75/25 Biogas/NG Blend
2.8 MW gross output
Manufactured by Fuel Cell
Energy
Benefits
•
•
•
•
All Power Used On-Site
Heat Recovered for Process
PPA – No Capital Outlay
$0.126/kWh + 2.5%/yr
14. Fuel Cell Operation Uptime
• Average uptime of
89% since 1/1/13
Fuel Cell Uptime
100%
90%
• Operating on biogas
69% of time
• Major issue
• Dimethyl sulfide
breakthrough
degraded preconverter catalyst
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
March 2013 - NG
PRV failed due to
variable flows;
PRV upgraded
10%
9/6/13 - Dimethyl
Sulfide breakthrough
resulted in catalyst
degradation and DG
10/8/13 – Fuel Cell
shut down for
catalyst
replacement
0%
Operation Uptime
Digester Gas Operation
15. Fuel Cell Power Generation
• 2.35 MW when
operational
• 89% of expected
power output
• Power Cost
~$0.146/kWh
• Includes NG costs
3,000
2,500
Power Output (kW)
• Overall average of
2.14 MW
Average Fuel Cell Power Output (Jan 2013 - Oct 2013)
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Overall Average Power Output
16. Digester Gas Cleaning System
(Key Component of Fuel Cell System)
• Iron sponge for H2S removal
• Moisture removal
• Compression to 20 psig
• Regenerable activated carbon system
• Backup activated carbon system
• Polishing media
17. IEUA Fuel Cell
Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
Public Sector Role
Private Sector Role
(IEUA)
(UTS BioEnergy/Anaergia)
• Provides host site and fuel
• Funds all project costs
• Purchases electricity
• Design and construction
generated
• Recovers heat for digestion
process
• Operations & Maintenance
• Owns asset
18. OCSD
Fuel Cell
Demonstration
Project
Ellis Avenue
Main
Entrance
Fountain Valley, CA
Project Participants:
Orange County
Water District
Orange County
Sanitation District
• South Coast AQMD
• CARB
Digesters
• National Fuel Cell
Research Center
(UC Irvine)
• Fuel Cell Energy
• Air Products &
Chemicals, Inc.
Ward Street
• US Dept of Energy
Fuel Cell Site
Energy Station
Fueling
Station
19. Fuel Cell Power Generation, Hydrogen Production and
Fuel Consumption from Commissioning to Present
20. 3-Year Fuel Cell Demonstration Project
June 1, 2011 to
May 31, 2014
21. Water Recycling Innovations
• California water agencies produce >500,000
AF3 of recycled water for various purposes*:
– Irrigation (agricultural and urban)
– Groundwater replenishment
– Indirect Potable re-use
– Habitat Enhancement
– Recreational Reservoir replenishment
*Source: Assn. of CA Water Agencies
22. Water Recycling Innovations
Orange County Groundwater
Replenishment System: 2008-present
• Joint project: Orange Co. Sanitation and Water
District
• Total production >120 billion gallons
• Powered (in part) by OCSD Biogas
• Less energy intensive than imported supplies
=GHG reductions
24. Opportunities at Data Centers
• Utilize wastewater biogas to either power on-site fuel
cells or co-located biogas powered engines/ turbines
• Utilize recycled water for cooling needs
• Examples: UCSD fuel cell uses biogas
• Various data centers being located near WWTP to use
recycled water
• Advocating for data centers to locate near WWTPs in
Bay Area
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25. Low Carbon Fuel Standard
• California Air Resources Board Program to
measure life-cycle carbon intensity of
transportation fuels
• Staff Proposal to certify “pathway” for
wastewater biogas converted to CNG/LNG
• Initial estimate: -65.3 g CO2e / MJ
• Negative CI = fuel credits under LCFS