Glass is manufactured through a process of melting raw materials at high temperatures, floating the molten glass on a bed of tin, and gradually cooling and annealing the glass to remove internal stresses. The main types of glass are float glass, shatterproof laminated glass, and toughened glass. Glass has properties of hardness, transparency, and electric insulation and is used widely in construction for windows, doors, and glazing due to its ability to transmit light while being weather resistant. However, glass is also brittle and prone to breaking, making it a somewhat hazardous and expensive material.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Glass is an amorphous solid which is often transparent and has wide
spread particle, technological and decorative uses in things like
windows pans, tableware and optoelectronics.
• Glass is used in construction purpose and architectural purpose in
engineering.
• Glass is a hard substance which may be transparent or translucent and
brittle in nature.
4. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
1. Melting and refining: Fine grained ingredients closely controlled for quality are
mixed to make to a batch, which flows into the furnace, which is heated up to 1500
degree Celsius.
The raw material that go into the manufacturing of clear float glass are
Sico2, na2o,cao,mgo,al2o3
If metal oxides are mixed to this batch they impact colors to the glass giving it a body
tint.
2.Float bath: glass the furnace gently flows over the refractory spout on the mirror like
surface of molten tin, starting at 1100degree Celsius and leaving the float bath as sold
ribbon at 600 degree Celsius.
5. 3. Coating : online chemical vapors deposition is the most significant advance in
the fast process since it was invented.
can be used to lay down a variety of coating a few microns thick, for reflect visible
and infra- red radiance for instance.
4. Annealing: despite the tranquility with which the glass is formed considerable
stresses are developed in the ribbon as the glass cool.
The glass is made to move through the annealing where such internal stresses are
removed, as the glass is cooled gradually to make the glass more prone to
6. 5. Inspection: To ensure the highest quality inspection takes place at every
stage. Occasionally a bubble that is not removed during refining, a sand grain
refuses to melt or a tremor in the tin puts ripples in the glass ribbon. Inspection
technology now allows 100 million inspection per second to be made across the
ribbon , locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see.
6.Cutting to order: diamond steels trim off selvedge – stressed and cut ribbon to
size by the computer, glass is finally sold only in square meters.
7. PROPERTIES OF GLASS
• It is basically a hard, brittle , transparent or translucent material.
• The properties such as hardness, fusibility, refractive powder, etc. can be changed according to the requirement.
• It is not affected by ordinary chemical reagents, air or water.
• It is possible to weld pieces of a glass by fusion.
• It is affected by alkalies but can take up high polish.
• It provides excellent electric insulation due to uncertain crystalline structure.
• It absorbs, refracts or transmit light depending upon the variety for a particular use.
• It is available in beautiful colors.
• It has no sharp melting point.
• As it can be changed to desired viscosity by heating and cooling, so can be fabricated into desired sizes and shapes.
9. FLOAT GLASS
Float glass is made of sodium silicate and calcium silicate.
These glasses are available from 2mm to 20mm thickness ranges.
They have a weight range of 6 to 36 kg/m2.
These are used as shop fronts, public places etc.
10. SHATTERPROOF GLASS
• Shatterproof glass is used for windows, doors, floors, skylights etc.
• some types of plastic polyvinyl butyral is added in its making process.
• So, it cannot form sharp edged pieces when it breaks.
11. LAMINATED GLASS
Laminated glass is the combination of layers of normal glass. So, it has more weight
than normal glass.
It has more thickness and is UV proof and soundproof.
These are used for aquariums, bridges etc.
Thickness of laminated
Glass is
12. EXTRA CLEAN GLASS
Extra clean glass has two special properties, photocatalytic and hydrophilic.
It acts as stain proof and gives beautiful appearance.
Thickness of glass is 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12mm.
The glass is use in furniture applications, showcases, showers, shop fronts and
toughened glass entries.
13. TOUGHENED GLASS
Toughened glass is strong glass which has low visibility.
It is available in all thicknesses and when it is broken it forms small granular chunks
which are dangerous. This is also called as tempered glass.
This type of glass is used for fire resistant doors, mobile screen protectors etc.
Thickness of glass is 5,6,8,10,12mm.
14. CHROMATIC GLASS
This glass control the transparent efficiency of glass and protects the interior from
daylight.
The chromatic glass may be photochromic which has light sensitive lamination,
thermos-chromatic which has heat sensitive lamination and electrochromic which
has electric lamination over it.
These glasses are available from 2mm to 20mm thickness ranges.
15. GLASS BLOCK
Glass block or glass bricks are manufactured from two different halves and they are
pressed and annealed together while melting process of glass.
These are used as architectural purpose in the construction of walls, skylights etc.
16. USES
• Glass tubes, windows panes, electric bulb.
• Glass article subjected to high temperature
such as combustion tubes.
• High quality laboratory apparatus and cooking
utensils.
• Medicine bottles.
• Most common for all engineering purpose.
• Glazing, high grade work such as cabinet
glazing ,etc.
• Fire-resisting doors, and windows, sky light
and roofs.
• Windows of railway coaches, hospital.
Laboratory.
• Use where privacy is required without
obstruction light such as office doors,
partitions and public toilets ,etc.
• Use foe decorate and light exclusion purposes
such as windows of schools, hospital.
• Partition up to 6m, and for insulation purposes,
• Show cases, jewelry stores , glazing bank
teller, cashier booths.
• Air filters to remove dust.
• Windows subject to high radiation.
17. ADVANTAGES
• The glass that absorb, refracts or transmit light. It can be made transparent or
translucent so it adds extraordinary beauty to the building.
• Glass transmits up to 80% of available natural day light in both directions without any
yellowing, clouding or weathering.
• The glass is fully weather resistance so it can withstand the effects of the wind , rain,
or the sun and can retain its appearance and integrity.
• Glass does not rust so it does not degrade gradually chemical and surrounding
environment effects.
• Glass has a smooth glossy surface so it is dust proof and can be easily cleaned.
18. DISADVANTAGES
• Manufacturing of glass is high energy consuming process due to high temperature
required for processing the raw material, and it is expensive material and ultimately
increase the cost of a building.
• The glass is very rigid and brittle material so when it is subjected to stress, it breaks
without significant. Broken pieces of glass may be sharp and chances of inquiry are
high.
• The glass is less impact resistant so the capability of glass to withstand a suddenly
load is very poor.
• The glass is affected by external hydrofluoric acid hence sometime etching is appear
on a glass surface . glass is unsafe for earthquake proven area.
19. COST AND SIZE
• 32 Rs sq ft 3.50mm
• 38 Rs sq ft 4mm
• 45 Rs sq ft 5mm
• 56 Rs sq ft 6mm
• 75 Rs sq ft 8mm
• 110 Rs sq ft 12 mm
