Passive energy

DEPT. OF ARCHITECTURE
D.C.R.U.S.T.,MURTHAL
Presented By:-
Ashna Gupta (17001506002)
Ekta Sharma (17001506004)
Kalpana (17001506006)
Guided By:-
Prof. RAVI VAISH

INDEX
INTRODUCTION OF PASSIVE DESIGN
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN
ACTIVE SOLAR DESIGN
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN AND ACTIVE SOLAR DESIGN
ADVANTAGES OF PASSIVE STRATEGIES IN DESIGN
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
NBC, CHAPTER - 11

MEANING OF PASSIVE
•Accepting or allowing what happens or what others do, without active response or
resistance.
•Acted upon by an external agency
•Used to describe something which allows to happen or accepts what happen or decide
without trying to change anything.
Passive Design is design that does not require mechanical heating or cooling.
Passive Design doesn’t use any
outside energy or require
much special equipment, but
simply takes advantage of
existing natural phenomena,
like the direction of the sun
or the insulating properties
of building materials.
INTRODUCTION OF PASSIVE DESIGN
PASSIVE DESIGN
PASIVE SOLAR DESIGN

PASIVE SOLAR DESIGN
Passive design results when a building is created and simply works “on its own”.
Solar passive buildings are designed to achieve thermal and visual comfort by using
natural energy sources.
Role of Passive In Architecture
Passive in architecture regards the particular way
to construct a building using the
natural movement of heat and air,
passive solar gain and cooling
in order to maintain a good internal comfort.
Through the use of passive solutions it is possible
to eliminate, or at least reduce, the use of
mechanical systems and the energy demand by
80% as well as the CO2 emissions.

ACTIVE SOLAR DESIGN
Active Solar Design uses outside energy and equipment—like electricity and solar panels —
to capture and utilize the energy of the sun.
Active Design uses equipment to modify the state of the building, create energy and comfort;
i.e. Fans, pumps, etc.
Active design use purchased energy to keep the building comfortable. These strategies
include forced-air HVAC systems, heat pumps, radiant panels, and electric lights.
•
HOUSE DESIGN WITH ACTIVE SOLAR ENERGY

DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN AND ACTIVE SOLAR DESIGN
ACTIVE SOLAR DESIGN
•Active solar systems use external sources of
energy or uses conventional energy sources to
operate.
•It usually requires expensive external
equipment.
•Requires a lot of maintenance.
•It’s efficiency depends on the type of
equipment used.
•Active solar systems typically work on
mechanical system.
•Lots of moving parts – higher failure rates.
•Allows controlled and efficient gathering and
distribution of energy.
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN
•A passive solar system does not involve
mechanical devices or the use of conventional
energy sources to operate.
•It’s usually cheaper than an active system.
•Requires little or almost no maintenance.
•It’s efficiency depends on the weather.
•Passive solar heating uses a phenomenon that
happens naturally.
•No moving parts and works 24 hours per day.
•Less control in gathering and distribution
of energy .

• Passive solar design is highly energy efficient, reducing a building's energy demands for
lighting, winter heating, and summer cooling.
• Energy from the sun is free.
• Passive solar design also helps conserve valuable fossil fuel resources so that they can be
directed toward other uses. And it saves money.
• Day lighting, a component of many passive solar designs, is one of the most cost-effective
means of reducing energy usage in buildings.
• Passive solar design also reduces greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming
because it relies on solar energy, a renewable, non-polluting resource.
• Energy performance: Lower energy bills all year-round
• Attractive living environment: large windows and views, sunny interiors, open floor plans.
• Comfort: quiet (no operating noise), solid construction, warmer in winter, cooler in
summer (even during a power failure)
ADVANTAGES OF PASSIVE STRATEGIES IN DESIGN

•Value: high owner satisfaction, high resale value
•Low Maintenance: durable, reduced operation and repairs
•Investment: independence from future rises in fuel costs, will continue to save money long
after any initial costs have been recovered
•Environmental Concerns: clean, renewable energy to combat growing concerns over global
warming ,acid rain and ozone depletion
•Passive solar design is highly energy efficient, reducing a building's energy demands for
lighting, winter heating, and summer cooling. Energy from the sun is free. Strictly passive
designs capture it without additional investments in mechanical and electrical active solar
devices such as pumps, fans and electrical controls.
ADVANTAGES OF PASSIVE STRATEGIES IN DESIGN

PASSIVE DESIGN
WHAT IS PASSIVE STRATEGY?
Passive design strategies use ambient energy sources instead of purchased energy like
electricity or natural gas. These strategies include day lighting, natural ventilation,
and solar energy.
Section of the building showing cross ventilation

PASSIVE DESIGN
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES

Isolated Gain

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
• A passive solar heating system is a way for the building materials to collect, store, and
distribute solar energy by natural convection, conduction, and radiation.
• The building itself acts as thermal mass to store the heat it collects during the day
which is then released during the night.
• A passive heating system depends on the combination of architecture and building
materials
• Passive solar heating happens when sunlight strikes an object and that object absorbs
the heat.
• Passive heating will Effectively works when the windows are oriented correctly, Perfect
orientation is south.
• By installing high performance windows with insulated frames, multiple glazing, low-e-
coatings, may reduce the heat loss by 50 to 75 percent.

PARTS OF PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM
There are five parts of a passive solar heating system. Each does a separate, but necessary
job for the system to function properly.
Aperture
Absorber
Thermal Mass
Distribution
Control

 Aperture is the collector through which solar energy enters the building. This is glass or
plastic; it should face no more than 30 degrees from due south.
 Absorber The hard, dark, surface which absorbs the solar energy after it passes
through the aperture. The absorber is usually a masonry wall, floor, or drums of water
placed in the sunlight.
 Thermal Mass Materials which retain the heat until it is released during the night. The
difference between the absorber and the thermal mass is that the thermal mass is not
exposed to sunlight.
 Distribution How the heat is transferred from the thermal mass to the interior space.
A purely passive system will only use convection, conduction, and radiation, but fans
and ducts can help.
 Control Roof overhangs or eves shade the aperture from the sun. This prevents the
building from unnecessary heating during the summer.
PARTS OF PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM

CATEGORIES OF PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY
 Direct gain method
 Indirect gain method
 Isolated gain method

DIRECT GAIN
 Direct gain method is the simplest method where the
space of the building is directly heated by sunlight.
 The building itself acts as a storage device for the
heat.
 Heat always travels from warmer materials to
cooler materials.
 This process is reversed during the night to provide
heat to the building. The heat is re-radiated out
from the building’s core (inner walls/floors) and
heats the interior space (outer walls and air) during
the night. This continues as long as the core building
is warmer than the interior space.

INDIRECT GAIN
 A dark colored heat collector is
placed in front of a window
directly in the sunlight.
 For indirect gain, sunlight is often
received by a south facing wall,
and as air moves internal space the
heat moves through the living
room.
 The heat collector in turn heats the
air flowing inside it which creates
the natural warm air convection
loop. Drums of water can also be
placed in the sunlight to absorb
heat during the day and release it
during the night

INDIRECT GAIN – TROMBE WALL
 A trombe wall is the most common indirect gain approach. A trombe wall is a 8-16” thick south
facing masonry wall.
 A single or double layer of glass is placed approximately one inch in front of the wall.
 The glass is sealed to the wall so no air can leak outside. Solar energy goes through the glass, hits the
masonry wall, is absorbed, stored and radiated on the other side into the living space.
 A trombe wall can radiate heat for several hours after dark.

ISOLATED GAIN
Isolated gain systems collect solar energy in a location separate from the space desired to
be heated. Though there are multiple types of isolated gain systems, sunspaces are the most
common. A sunspace (also called a solarium) can be built in the original design of a
building or as part of a renovation.
SUNSPACE
A sunspace is a room designed to capture
heat. Vertical windows capture the heat
just like the direct and indirect gain
system.
The same masonry walls or water drums
are used as thermal mass.
Distribution is achieved through ceiling
and floor vents, windows/doors, and/or
fans.
The sunspace is often separated by the
rest of the building using windows or
doors. This protects the home against the
sun’s fluctuating temperatures.

PASSIVE SOLAR COOLING AND HEATING
USE OF SUNSPACE DURING WINTER AND SUMMER

PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES

PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES

• Passive cooling systems are least expensive means of cooling a home which maximizes the
efficiency of the building envelope without any use of mechanical devices.
• It rely on natural heat-sinks to remove heat from the building. They derive cooling directly
from evaporation, convection, and radiation without using any intermediate electrical
devices.
• All passive cooling strategies rely on daily changes in temperature and relative humidity.
• The applicability of each system depends on the climatic conditions.
• These design strategies reduce heat gains to internal spaces.
-
PASSIVE COOLING

NATURAL VENTILATION
WHAT IS NATURAL VENTILATION
Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air
through a space by natural means it can be achieved with openable
windows or trickle vents.

NATURAL VENTILATION
•Natural ventilation and air movement can be simply achieved by ‘structural
controls’ as it does not depends on any form of external energy supply or
mechanical installation.
•Outdoor breezes create air movement through the house interior by the 'push-
pull' effect of positive air pressure on the windward side and negative
pressure (suction) on the leeward side.

NATURAL VENTILATION
• Natural ventilation started from history according to the different climates
• The windows, play a dominant role in inducing indoor ventilation due to
wind forces.
Typical section through shahajahanabad house. To facilitate the movement of cool air into
the house, parapets are not build towards the courtyard

NATURAL VENTILATION
VARIOUS TECHNQUES USED IN OLD TIMES :-
•
DOUBLE APERTURES USED
FOR ENSURING VENTILATION
IN SHAHJAHANABAD HOUSES MULTI-DIRECTIONAL
WINDCATCHER

NATURAL VENTILATION
WINDOW FOR VIEW AND JALI
VENTILATION USED AT
AMBER FORT.
COLUMN COURTYARD COOLING SYSTEM-
DIWAN E-KHAS, RED FORT, DELHI

DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES ARE USED TO ACHIEVE NATURAL
VENTILATION:-
• STACK EFFECT
• WIND TOWER
• COURTYARD EFFECT
NATURAL VENTILATION

NATURAL VENTILATION
STACK EFFECT :-
Stack effect depends on thermal forces and difference in
temperature .
Reason of stack effect :-
•Pressure difference between the outside air and the air inside
the building caused by difference in temperature
Outdoor
air
Outdoor
air
Section

NATURAL VENTILATION
STACK VENTILATION SECTIONS :-
HIGHER
ROOMS
HIGHER ROOMS AT
EDGE
STAIRS AS STACKHIGHER ROOMS WITHIN

WIND TOWER
• In a wind tower, the hot air enters the tower through
the openings in the tower, gets cooled, and thus
becomes heavier and sinks down.
• The inlet and outlet of rooms induce cool air
movement.
• In the presence of wind, air is cooled more
effectively and flows faster down the tower and into
the living area.
• After a whole day of air exchanges, the tower
becomes warm in the evenings.
• During the night, cooler ambient air comes in contact
with the bottom of the tower through the rooms.
• The tower walls absorb heat during daytime and
release it at night, warming the cool night air in the
tower.
• Warm air moves up, creating an upward draft, and
draws cool night air through the doors and windows
into the building.
• A wind tower works well for individual units not for
multi-storeyed apartments.
Wind Tower In Jodhpur Hostel To Catch
Favorable Cool Wind From South-west
For Passive Cooling

•
EVAPORATIVE COOLING
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIND TOWERS :-
WATER
SUPPLY
MULTI DIRECTIONAL WIND
CATCHER

COURTYARD EFFECT
• Due to incident solar radiation in a
courtyard, the air gets warmer and rises.
• Cool air from the ground level flows through
the louvered openings of rooms surrounding a
courtyard, thus producing air flow.
• At night, the warm roof surfaces get cooled
by convection and radiation.
•If this heat exchange reduces roof surface
temperature to wet bulb temperature of air,
condensation of atmospheric moisture occurs
on the roof and the gain due to condensation
limits further cooling.
Courtyard As A Moderator Of Internal
Climate

COURTYARDS
• Courtyard as a moderator of internal climate.

• If the roof surfaces are sloped towards the internal courtyard, the cooled air sinks into
the court and enters the living space through low-level openings, gets warmed up, and
leaves the room through higher-level openings.
• However, care should be taken that the courtyard does not receive intense solar
radiation, which would lead to conduction and radiation heat gains into the building.
COURTYARD EFFECT

NATURAL VENTILATION
• NATURAL VENTILATION EXTERNAL FEATURES:-
• Orientation of buildings
• Form of buildings
• Position of openings
• Size of openings
• Opening types
• Cross ventilation

NATURAL VENTILATION
Massing and orientation of building:-
• As a general rule, thin tall buildings will encourage natural ventilation and
utilize prevailing winds, cross ventilation, and stack effect.
• Tall buildings also increase the effectiveness of natural ventilation, because
wind speeds are faster at greater heights
Tall buildings improve natural
ventilation, and in lower latitudes
reduce sun exposure.

NATURAL VENTILATION
Orientation :-
Orienting the building so that
the shorter axis align with the
prevailing wind
While orienting it perpendicular
to prevailing winds will provide
the least passive ventilation.

NATURAL VENTILATION
OPENING SIZE:-
Pairing a large outlet with a small inlet increases incoming wind
speed.
SMALL
INLETLARGE
OUTLET

NATURAL VENTILATION
OPENING TYPE:-
Opening can be any type according to the building type and climatic
condition

SHADING DEVICES
• The most effective method of cooling a building
is to shade windows, walls and roof of building
from direct solar radiation.
• Heavily insulated walls and roofs need less
shading.
• Can use overhangs on outside facade of the
building.
• Each project should be evaluated depending on
its relative cooling needs.
• Extend the overhang beyond the sides of the
window to prevent solar gain from the side.
• Use slatted or louvered shades to allow more
daylight to enter, while shading windows from
direct sunlight.
• Reduce solar heat gain by recessing windows into
the wall.

SHADING
• .
Solar Space Cooling Systems/ Passive
Cooling Methods

SHADING OF ROOF
• Shading the roof is a very important method of
reducing heat gain.
• Roofs can be shaded by providing roof cover of
concrete or plants or canvas or earthen pots etc.
• Shading provided by external means should not
interfere with night-time cooling.
A cover over the roof, made of concrete or
galvanized iron sheets, provides protection from
direct radiation
A cover of deciduous plants and creepers is a
better alternative. Evaporation from the leaf
surfaces brings down the temperature of the roof
Covering of the entire surface
area with the closely packed
inverted earthen pots, as was
being done in traditional
buildings.

SHADING OF ROOF
Use Of Earthen Pots As A Roof Shading In
Neemrana Fort
Terrace Gardens In Itc Maurya
Sloping Roof Wall Textures

OTHER SHADING TECHNIQUES
Shading Due To Texture Surface.
• Surface shading can be provided as an integral part of the
building element also. Highly textured walls have a
portion of their surface in shade.
• Trees can be used with advantage to shade roof,
walls and windows.

EARTH AIR TUNNEL
• Daily and annual temperature fluctuations
decrease with the increase in depth below the
ground surface.
• At a depth of about 4 m below ground, the
temperature inside the earth remains nearly
constant round the year and is nearly equal to
the annual average temperature of the place.
• A tunnel in the form of a pipe or otherwise
embedded at a depth of about 4 m below the
ground will acquire the same temperature as
the surrounding earth at its surface.
• Therefore, the ambient air ventilated through
this tunnel will get cooled in summer and
warmed in winter and this air can be used for
cooling in summer and heating in winter.

EVAPORATIVE COOLING
•Evaporative cooling lowers indoor air temperature by evaporating water.
•It is effective in hot and dry climate where the atmospheric humidity is low.
•In evaporative cooling, the sensible heat of air is used to evaporate water, thereby cooling the air, which,
in turn, cools the living space of the building.
•Increase in contact between water and air increases the rate of evaporation.
•The presence of a water body such as a pond, lake, and sea near the building or a fountain in a courtyard
can provide a cooling effect.
A Typical Section Showing Passive Solar Features Of Walmi Building, Bhopal
1.Ground cover
2.Water sprinkler
3.Insulated roof
4.Shading trees
5.Water trough

WATER BODIES
• Water has a moderating effect on the air
temperature of the climate. It has much higher
thermal storage capacity much higher than other
building material like brick, concrete etc.
• Water evaporation has a cooling effect on the
surroundings.
• It takes up heat from the air through evaporation
and causes significant cooling.

COOLING ROOF POND
• During the day, cool ponds absorbing room heat conducted through the interior ceiling.
• At night, the ponds lose heat by radiation to the night sky and by natural convection to the air.
• Roof pond systems are effective in regions of low humidity and clear summer nights.
• For best cooling results, ponds can range from 6-12 inches deep.

PASSIVE SOLAR LIGHTING
When sunlight is used to its fullest advantage, the
round-the-clock need for electrical lighting can be
minimized through these daylighting techniques:
•East- and west-facing window placement
specifically intended tailored for morning and
afternoon illumination.
•Installing skylights, highly-placed clerestory
windows, and/or solar tubes (also known as light
tubes) to help illuminate naturally darker rooms.
•Incorporating reflective surfaces like light shelves,
which help reflect sunlight coming in through a
window up toward the ceiling.
•Utilizing an open floor plan to facilitate the
diffusion of light throughout the home.

NBC,CHAPTER - 11
The Passive Design Features and proper initial planning helps in reduced energy demand
and, therefore, the same should be carefully analyzed prior to actual sizing of equipment
where provided.
Solar passive techniques that can be adopted in different climate zones of India are,
a)Landscaping (to reduce heat island effect);
b)Optimum building orientation;
c)Arrangement and shape of buildings;
d)Effective surface to volume ratio;
e)Location and size of openings on building facade and other elevation;
f)Glazing type and performance; and
g)Shading devices on windows and judicious. Selection of building materials.
Prior to developing the design drawings, the design team shall carry out a thorough review
of the fundamental assumptions, owner’s brief and available resources on site, in an
integrated manner, addressing the key target issues such as the following:
1.Building orientation .
2.Building envelope.
3.Harvest site energy
4.Design assumptions and internal load assessment.
5.Maximize efficiency

PASSIVE HEATING TECHNIQUES
Passive heating is the spontaneous warming effect resulting from the absorption of solar
radiation wherein solar energy is exploited to induce heat flow from the affected surface to
indoor air, as well as promote heat storage within the building structure.
In the climatic zones requiring indoor space heating, it may be explored to use the following
strategies:
Direct gain method - Controlled sun may be permitted into the habitable spaces through
an opening to directly heat the floor, walls or other internal components and objects,
which, in turn, heat the air within the room.
Indirect gain - A thermal storage wall may be placed between the glazing and habitable
space which prevents solar radiation from directly entering the living space.
Trombe wall - It is a thick solid wall with vents at its lower and upper ends.
Solar chimneys - This system is a kind of modified trombe wall that is incorporated into
roof.
Sunspaces/Solaria - It is an integration of direct gain and thermal storage concepts.
NBC,CHAPTER - 11

PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES
Passive cooling systems rely on natural heat sinks to remove excess heat energy from a
building. They derive cooling directly from evaporation, convection and radiation without
using electrical energy. All strategies rely on diurnal changes in temperature and relative
humidity.
The building envelope can be designed to effectively exchange heat with the surrounding
ambient air. In order to have an appreciable net heat flux between two bodies, the
temperature difference should be significant. Some of the techniques are as follows:
Nocturnal cooling - In this technique, night sky cooling may be very effectively used to
dissipate the heat stored in building envelope so that it is regenerated to store the day heat
gain.
Roof pond with movable insulation - A water body on the roof may provide cooling
where during summers it is covered with insulation with a surface finish of low absorptivity.
Courtyards - Due to incident solar radiation in courtyards, the air gets warmer and rises.
Cool air from ground level flows through louvered openings of rooms thereby inducing
airflow.
NBC,CHAPTER - 11

REFERENCES
https://theydiffer.com/difference-between-passive-and-active-solar-energ
https://www.slideshare.net/bbauee/anupam-dasactive-solar-ener
http://topics.info.com/What-is-the-difference-between-passive-solar-energy-systems-and-active-
solar-energy-systems_2449
http://study.com/academy/lesson/solar-energy-understanding-active-and-passive-solar-hea
https://theydiffer.com/difference-between-passive-and-active-solar-energ
http://www.tuscanydesignbuild.com/tuscanysolar.html
https://www.slideshare.net/tboake/sustainable-design-part-three-the-basic-principles-of-passive-
design
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/passive
https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Direct+Solar+Gain+Heating&FORM=RESTAB

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