A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network.

1. A Solar Inverter

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Introduction
A Solar Inverter
 The main aim of this project is to use solar energy for household loads
using an inverter. Solar energy is converted to electrical energy by photo-
voltaic(PV) cells. This energy is stored in batteries during day time for the
utilization purpose whenever required.
 A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a
photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC)
that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line
electrical network.

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A Solar Inverter
Project Block Diagram

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A Solar Inverter
Solar inverters may be classified into three broad types
 Stand-alone inverters
 Grid-tie inverters
 Battery backup inverters

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A Solar Inverter
Stand-Alone Inverters
 It is used in isolated systems.
 The inverter draws its DC energy from batteries charged by photovoltaic
arrays.
 Many stand-alone inverters also incorporate integral battery chargers to
replenish the battery from an AC source.
 Normally these do not interface in any way with the utility grid.
 It does not required to have anti-islanding protection.

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A Solar Inverter
Grid-Tie Inverters
 It match phase with a utility-supplied sine wave.
 Grid-tie inverters are designed to shut down automatically upon loss of
utility supply.
 They do not provide backup power during utility outages.
 Grid tie inverter converts DC power produced by PV array to AC power.

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A Solar Inverter
Battery Backup Inverters
 These are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a
battery.
 It manage the battery charge via an on board charger, and export excess
energy to the utility grid.
 These inverters are capable of supplying AC energy to selected loads
during a utility outage
 The battery backup inverters are also required to be installed with an anti-
islanding protection.

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A Solar Inverter
Hardware Requirements
 Bridge-MOSFETs drive
 Step up Transformer
 Voltage regulator
 MOSFET driver
 PWM inverter IC
 Solar Panel
 Battery

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A Solar Inverter
Battery
 An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical
cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
 The battery has become a common power source for many household,
robotics and industrial applications.
 Larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or
computer data centers.

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A Solar Inverter
PWM Inverter IC
 The PWM Inverter is used to develop the PWM pulses based on a fixed
frequency using common oscillator.
 The IC SG3524 operates at a fixed frequency, the oscillation frequency is
determined by one timing resistor RT and one timing capacitor CT.
 The SG3524 contains an inbuilt 5V regulator that supplies as a reference
voltage, also providing the SG3524 internal regulator control circuitry.

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A Solar Inverter
PWM Inverter IC
 Comparator provides a linear control of the output pulse width
(duration) by the error amplifier.
 The resultant PWM pulse from the comparator is passed to the
corresponding output pass transistor (Q1, Q2 refer block diagram) using
the pulse steering flip flop, which is synchronously toggled by the
oscillator output.

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A Solar Inverter
Inverter IC Block Diagram

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A Solar Inverter
MOSFET(IRF 510)
 The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-
FET, or MOS FET) is a device used for amplifying or switching electronic
signals.
 The basic principle of the device a voltage on the oxide-insulated gate
electrode can induce a conducting channel between the two other
contacts called source and drain.
 It is by far the most common transistor in both digital and analog circuits,
though the bipolar junction transistor was at one time much more
common.

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A Solar Inverter
BC547 (NPN –Transistor)
 The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor.
 It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547
series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors.
 The ratio of two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of the
device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (β).

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A Solar Inverter
BC547 (NPN –Transistor)
 The current gain from the emitter to the collector terminal, Ic/Ie, is called
Alpha, (α), and is a function of the transistor itself

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A Solar Inverter
Solar Panel
 Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb
the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating
electricity.
 Solar Panel is an array of Several solar cells
(Photovoltaic cells).
 The arrays can be formed by connecting them in
parallel or series connection depending upon the
energy required.

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A Solar Inverter
Working of Solar Panel and Inverter
 Expose the cell to light, and the energy from each photon (light particle)
hitting the silicon, will liberate an electron and a corresponding hole.
 If this happens within range of the electric field’s influence, the
electrons will be sent to the N side and the holes to the P one, resulting
in yet further disruption of electrical neutrality.
 This flow of electrons is a current; the electrical field in the cell causes a
voltage and the product of these two is power.
 The solar energy is stored in the battery from Photo-Voltaic cells.

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A Solar Inverter
Working of Solar Panel and Inverter
 This stored energy of the battery is converted to AC supply of 50Hz
frequency using PWM inverter IC with MOSFET gate driver IC to the driver
MOSFET bridge and step-up the voltage by a transformer.

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A Solar Inverter
Needs Of Solar Power
 Electricity rate has hiked in last four years.
 We need to focus on alternate option because of environmental concerns.
 It has several advantages over other forms of electricity generation.

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A Solar Inverter
About The Inverter
 This energy generated by the panel, in the form of direct current (DC), is
transmitted to the inverter. The job of the inverter is to convert the DC
power the solar panel has generated to alternating current (AC) that is
transmitted on the grid. The inverter converts DC to AC by using two
switches which convert the positive only DC power to an alternating
positive to negative AC power.
 The inverter will then step up the voltage from 12 volts to 120volts, which
is the voltage used throughout the US electrical grid. This conversion of
voltage is what allows a 12 volt DC solar polar to be tied into a 120 volt AC
grid.

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A Solar Inverter
Advantage
 High efficiency and outstanding energy harvest in a small modular
design.
 Ease of installation to save time and money.
 Is compatible with other GT Series models to customize the
inverters to the array.
 Central and micro inverters can be up to 95% efficient.

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A Solar Inverter
Disadvantage
 Cental inverters is difficult to do properly and is usually the hardest
part of designing a solar array.
 For central inverter, the output from your whole array can drop
significantly, if any one of the panel is shaded.
 Another weakness of a central inverter is that you won’t be able to
monitor how each individual panel is performing.
 Micro inverters are more expensive.

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A Solar Inverter
Applications
 Can use Solar Inverter for domestic application.
 It can be plugs in your house for your TV, computer, and other wired
products.
 Can use Solar Power Inverters For Industrial Application.

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A Solar Inverter
Conclusion
 Inverters are usually about 95% efficient. Inverters play a significant role
in providing alternate current supplies at the times of crucial power
requirements. The primary use of solar inverters is to convert direct
current to alternating current through an electrical switching process.

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