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Agricultural Remote Sensing
ECC 2016
Leander Campbell (AAFC-Ottawa)
Nicole Rabe (OMAFRA-Guelph)
Satellites, manned, & unmanned aircraft imagery
~ availability on the rise…
• More imaging satellites in
orbit bringing revisit time
and costs down
• Unmanned aircraft are
small & portable on-
demand crop diagnostic
tools
– BUT won’t answer the why
crop looks bad just says it
doesn’t look healthy
• Any imaging system needs
ground-truthing and more
definitive agronomic
assessment to determine
the why & mng’t action
Planet Labs, a San Francisco aerospace start-
up, has launched 113 Dove Cube Sats
(10x10x13cm) and are oorbit – hope is to
photograph the Earth every single day.
By Sean Patrick Farrell on Publish DateMarch 16, 2014. Photo by Jim
Wilson/The New York Times.
Online
Remote
Sensing Ag
Solutions…
multi-year
NDVI maps
Online advanced image
processing…cleaner images
Remote Sensing 101
www.airinov.fr
missionscience.nasa.gov
Algebra: Vegetation
Indices
A discussion at
3 scales:
… it can provide:
o Spatially complete information over very large &/or inaccessible regions;
o Information at wavelengths sensitive to vegetation and soil properties.
o Well calibrated data over time;
… it can support activities and programs:
o EO data at various spatial and temporal scales can support agricultural
land use management, biomass estimation, modeling and monitoring.
Remote Sensing is attractive because…
Near-real-time Surface Soil Moisture Mapping
• Near-real-time weekly, bi-weekly and monthly surface soil moisture maps derived from
daily passive microwave data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS)
satellite.
• Collaborating with USA (NASA and USDA) on the calibration of the Soil Moisture Active
passive (SMAP) satellite.
AAFC EO-Based Activities
Near-real-time Crop Condition Assessment (NDVI)
• AAFC’s Canadian Ag-Land Monitoring System (CALMS) delivers near-real-time weekly NDVI-
based estimates of crop conditions using daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-
radiometer (MODIS) reflectance observations
• Contributes to the Canadian GEOGLAM crop condition assessments for the Agricultural
Market Information System (AMIS).
AAFC EO-Based Activities
AAFC EO-Based Activities
2015 AAFC Crop Map Inventory to Date
Leander
was here
July
2015!
AAFC Roadshow
2015!
Translates into
overall inventory
accuracy: 87.9%
@LeanderCampbell
2015 Crop Map – Kemptville Region
Soybean
Corn
Winter Wheat
Barley
Sod
Pasture/Forage
Other Cereal
Veggies
Oats
Ontario corn inventory
accuracy: 92 %
3D
Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry
Crop Rotations (2013-15)
No Rotation
3-Crop Rotation
Corn-Soy Only Rotations
Pasture/Forage
Municipality of Ottawa
Crop Rotations (2013-15)
No Rotation
3-Crop Rotation
Corn-Soy Only Rotations
Pasture/Forage
Prescott & Russell
Crop Rotations (2013-15)
No Rotation
3-Crop Rotation
Corn-Soy Only Rotations
Pasture/Forage
Why do we not have much
wheat in the rotation in the
East???
• Soils?
• Winter kill?
• Disease?
• Wheat: no
economics to
it???
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2004
2005
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Rye Beans Oats
Spring wheat Barley Winter wheat
Corn (grain + fodder) Soybean
Not Just an Eastern Trend!
% harvested area, Ontario, 1981-2013
(Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Field statistics 2014)
Gaudin A et al., PLOS one (2014) DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0113261
Slide Courtesy of Bill Deen
Rotation complexity effect on corn yield:
Ridgetown 2010-2013
Gaudin A et al., Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment (2015), 210:1-10Slide Courtesy of Bill Deen
Corn sees a
benefit of
adding wheat ~
2-6%
Gaudin A et al., Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment (2015), 210:1-10Slide Courtesy of Bill Deen
Soybeans see a
substantial
benefit of
adding wheat ~
13%
Rotation complexity effect on soybean yield:
Ridgetown 2010-2013
Economic justification for diversifying rotation
Eg. adding wheat into a CS rotation
- 2-6 %increase in corn yield
- 6 bu/ac @ $4.00/bu = $24.00
- 9-14% increase in soybean yield
- 5 bu/ac @ $12.00/bu = $60.00
- reduction in N requirement
- 25 lb/ac @ $0.60/lb = $15.00
- Other (tillage reduction, yield stability, enhanced
opportunity to sell residues, reduced nutrient removal…)
- conservative estimate …. = $ ??.??
Total additional PROFIT to wheat approx. $100.00/ac or more
Adapted from a slide courtesy of Bill Deen
GrainYield(bu/ac)
2010 2011
ROTATION: Corn Yields after Wheat +/- Red Clover,
Ridgetown 2010-12
C-S-W
C-S-W(rc)
2012
C-S-W
C-S-W(rc)
C-S-W
C-S-W(rc)
C-S-W
C-S-W(rc)
Ave
Similar to Elora an increase in yield of 5-8%
Note: Fertilizer N applied to all plots 1980lbs/ac
Building more complex rotations in Ontario is
not just all about economic return…
….it also building soil resilience during adverse
weather events!
-10 0 10 20 30 40
Rotation effect (% of CCSS cluster mean)
-10 0 10 20 30
CCSW
CCSW(rc)
Rotation effect (% of CCSS cluster mean)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
CCSWrc
Benefits of diversification under different
weather scenarios - soybeans
Gaudin A et al., PLOS one (2014) DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0113261
HOT DRY seasonsOPTIMAL - High Yielding COOL / WET seasons
No TILL TILL
Crop abbreviation: C = corn, S = Soybean,O= Oat, B = spring barley,W= Winter wheat, rc = underseeded red clover, A = Alfalfa.
(*) significantly different from high yielding years (cluster E) at p = 0.05.
Slide Courtesy of Bill Deen
2010 Wheat then Soybeans
Orthophotography
• 50cm resolution
• Early spring
Field Scale:
Sources of Imagery
(Source: SWOOP 2010 )
In-season
Analysis
2014
Soybeans :
Processed
Image
Unmanned Aerial
System (UAS):
@ 5cm
resolution
Field Scale: Ag Remote Sensing
Opportunities
Raw UAV Image → Map Product → Management Decision
Image Source: Sensefly - eBee
For more info. go to Farmsmart Conferences – ZoneSmart Proceedings: http://farmsmartconference.com/zonesmart-2015-
Wheat Stubble & Red Clover (August 21, 2105) near Guelph, Ontario
Farm: Image Analysis: Nicole Rabe
(Land Resource Specialist – OMAFR
Predictive Digital Soil Map
Source: Doug Aspinall (Soil
Scientist – OMAFRA)
Agronomic Question: what is my Nitrogen credit?
Keep in mind what the
imagery is measuring
during growing
season…
Only the plant OR
underlying soil
landscape variability?
Measuring benefits of complex rotation &
making better management decisions….
• Red clover underseeded to
wheat
• Other cover crops following wheat – oats, oilseed
radish …
Slide Courtesy of Bill Deen(Meyer-Aurich et al, 2006a; Meyer-Aurich et al 2006b; Munkholm et al, 2012; Munkholm et al, 2013;
Gaudin et al, 2013; Gaudin et al. 2014; Gaudin et al. 2015, Wyngaarden et al, accepted
Nitrogen Prescription
Map:
Red: full 70lb N credit
Orange: 46lbs N
Yellow: 23lbs N
Blue: no credit
AAFC Crop Mapping Data - For FREE!
Datasets are available via GoC Open Data website: http://open.canada.ca
Interactive map via AAFC Geospatial Platform
www.agr.gc.ca/atlas/geoplatform
Future National RS Goals
•More active engagement of end users. Stronger linkages lead to better
defined informational requirements and improve ability of users to apply EO
in meaningful way.
•Derivation of validated biophysical
parameters (e.g. yield) from EO data
at multiple spatial and temporal
resolutions.
•More timely delivery of time-sensitive
products.
•Increased use of data from
crowd-sourcing to better inform &
validate informational products.
•Closer international collaborations
(e.g. JECAM) will identify best practices for data collection, processing and
dissemination to ensure consistency and comparability among agricultural
systems.
For updates and information about the
Agricultural Information Atlas, follow us on
Twitter:@ONfieldcrops @ONhortcrops.
URL: www.ontario.ca/agmaps
Nicole.Rabe@ontario.ca
Leander.Campbell@agr.gc.ca
@LeanderCampbell
Thanks!
Questions / Comments?

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Remote sensing

  • 1. Agricultural Remote Sensing ECC 2016 Leander Campbell (AAFC-Ottawa) Nicole Rabe (OMAFRA-Guelph)
  • 2. Satellites, manned, & unmanned aircraft imagery ~ availability on the rise… • More imaging satellites in orbit bringing revisit time and costs down • Unmanned aircraft are small & portable on- demand crop diagnostic tools – BUT won’t answer the why crop looks bad just says it doesn’t look healthy • Any imaging system needs ground-truthing and more definitive agronomic assessment to determine the why & mng’t action Planet Labs, a San Francisco aerospace start- up, has launched 113 Dove Cube Sats (10x10x13cm) and are oorbit – hope is to photograph the Earth every single day. By Sean Patrick Farrell on Publish DateMarch 16, 2014. Photo by Jim Wilson/The New York Times.
  • 7. … it can provide: o Spatially complete information over very large &/or inaccessible regions; o Information at wavelengths sensitive to vegetation and soil properties. o Well calibrated data over time; … it can support activities and programs: o EO data at various spatial and temporal scales can support agricultural land use management, biomass estimation, modeling and monitoring. Remote Sensing is attractive because…
  • 8. Near-real-time Surface Soil Moisture Mapping • Near-real-time weekly, bi-weekly and monthly surface soil moisture maps derived from daily passive microwave data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite. • Collaborating with USA (NASA and USDA) on the calibration of the Soil Moisture Active passive (SMAP) satellite. AAFC EO-Based Activities
  • 9.
  • 10. Near-real-time Crop Condition Assessment (NDVI) • AAFC’s Canadian Ag-Land Monitoring System (CALMS) delivers near-real-time weekly NDVI- based estimates of crop conditions using daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro- radiometer (MODIS) reflectance observations • Contributes to the Canadian GEOGLAM crop condition assessments for the Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS). AAFC EO-Based Activities
  • 12. 2015 AAFC Crop Map Inventory to Date
  • 13. Leander was here July 2015! AAFC Roadshow 2015! Translates into overall inventory accuracy: 87.9% @LeanderCampbell
  • 14. 2015 Crop Map – Kemptville Region Soybean Corn Winter Wheat Barley Sod Pasture/Forage Other Cereal Veggies Oats Ontario corn inventory accuracy: 92 %
  • 15.
  • 16. 3D
  • 17. Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Crop Rotations (2013-15) No Rotation 3-Crop Rotation Corn-Soy Only Rotations Pasture/Forage
  • 18.
  • 19. Municipality of Ottawa Crop Rotations (2013-15) No Rotation 3-Crop Rotation Corn-Soy Only Rotations Pasture/Forage
  • 20.
  • 21. Prescott & Russell Crop Rotations (2013-15) No Rotation 3-Crop Rotation Corn-Soy Only Rotations Pasture/Forage
  • 22.
  • 23. Why do we not have much wheat in the rotation in the East??? • Soils? • Winter kill? • Disease? • Wheat: no economics to it???
  • 24. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Rye Beans Oats Spring wheat Barley Winter wheat Corn (grain + fodder) Soybean Not Just an Eastern Trend! % harvested area, Ontario, 1981-2013 (Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Field statistics 2014) Gaudin A et al., PLOS one (2014) DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0113261 Slide Courtesy of Bill Deen
  • 25.
  • 26. Rotation complexity effect on corn yield: Ridgetown 2010-2013 Gaudin A et al., Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment (2015), 210:1-10Slide Courtesy of Bill Deen Corn sees a benefit of adding wheat ~ 2-6%
  • 27. Gaudin A et al., Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment (2015), 210:1-10Slide Courtesy of Bill Deen Soybeans see a substantial benefit of adding wheat ~ 13% Rotation complexity effect on soybean yield: Ridgetown 2010-2013
  • 28.
  • 29. Economic justification for diversifying rotation Eg. adding wheat into a CS rotation - 2-6 %increase in corn yield - 6 bu/ac @ $4.00/bu = $24.00 - 9-14% increase in soybean yield - 5 bu/ac @ $12.00/bu = $60.00 - reduction in N requirement - 25 lb/ac @ $0.60/lb = $15.00 - Other (tillage reduction, yield stability, enhanced opportunity to sell residues, reduced nutrient removal…) - conservative estimate …. = $ ??.?? Total additional PROFIT to wheat approx. $100.00/ac or more Adapted from a slide courtesy of Bill Deen
  • 30.
  • 31. GrainYield(bu/ac) 2010 2011 ROTATION: Corn Yields after Wheat +/- Red Clover, Ridgetown 2010-12 C-S-W C-S-W(rc) 2012 C-S-W C-S-W(rc) C-S-W C-S-W(rc) C-S-W C-S-W(rc) Ave Similar to Elora an increase in yield of 5-8% Note: Fertilizer N applied to all plots 1980lbs/ac
  • 32. Building more complex rotations in Ontario is not just all about economic return… ….it also building soil resilience during adverse weather events!
  • 33. -10 0 10 20 30 40 Rotation effect (% of CCSS cluster mean) -10 0 10 20 30 CCSW CCSW(rc) Rotation effect (% of CCSS cluster mean) * * * * * * * CCSWrc Benefits of diversification under different weather scenarios - soybeans Gaudin A et al., PLOS one (2014) DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0113261 HOT DRY seasonsOPTIMAL - High Yielding COOL / WET seasons No TILL TILL Crop abbreviation: C = corn, S = Soybean,O= Oat, B = spring barley,W= Winter wheat, rc = underseeded red clover, A = Alfalfa. (*) significantly different from high yielding years (cluster E) at p = 0.05. Slide Courtesy of Bill Deen
  • 34. 2010 Wheat then Soybeans Orthophotography • 50cm resolution • Early spring Field Scale: Sources of Imagery (Source: SWOOP 2010 ) In-season Analysis 2014 Soybeans : Processed Image Unmanned Aerial System (UAS): @ 5cm resolution
  • 35. Field Scale: Ag Remote Sensing Opportunities
  • 36. Raw UAV Image → Map Product → Management Decision Image Source: Sensefly - eBee For more info. go to Farmsmart Conferences – ZoneSmart Proceedings: http://farmsmartconference.com/zonesmart-2015- Wheat Stubble & Red Clover (August 21, 2105) near Guelph, Ontario Farm: Image Analysis: Nicole Rabe (Land Resource Specialist – OMAFR Predictive Digital Soil Map Source: Doug Aspinall (Soil Scientist – OMAFRA) Agronomic Question: what is my Nitrogen credit? Keep in mind what the imagery is measuring during growing season… Only the plant OR underlying soil landscape variability?
  • 37. Measuring benefits of complex rotation & making better management decisions…. • Red clover underseeded to wheat • Other cover crops following wheat – oats, oilseed radish … Slide Courtesy of Bill Deen(Meyer-Aurich et al, 2006a; Meyer-Aurich et al 2006b; Munkholm et al, 2012; Munkholm et al, 2013; Gaudin et al, 2013; Gaudin et al. 2014; Gaudin et al. 2015, Wyngaarden et al, accepted Nitrogen Prescription Map: Red: full 70lb N credit Orange: 46lbs N Yellow: 23lbs N Blue: no credit
  • 38. AAFC Crop Mapping Data - For FREE! Datasets are available via GoC Open Data website: http://open.canada.ca Interactive map via AAFC Geospatial Platform www.agr.gc.ca/atlas/geoplatform
  • 39. Future National RS Goals •More active engagement of end users. Stronger linkages lead to better defined informational requirements and improve ability of users to apply EO in meaningful way. •Derivation of validated biophysical parameters (e.g. yield) from EO data at multiple spatial and temporal resolutions. •More timely delivery of time-sensitive products. •Increased use of data from crowd-sourcing to better inform & validate informational products. •Closer international collaborations (e.g. JECAM) will identify best practices for data collection, processing and dissemination to ensure consistency and comparability among agricultural systems.
  • 40. For updates and information about the Agricultural Information Atlas, follow us on Twitter:@ONfieldcrops @ONhortcrops. URL: www.ontario.ca/agmaps