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19. Forage Production in Adverse Weather
1. Forage Production
in Adverse Weather
Christine OâReilly
Forage and Grazing Specialist,
OMAFRA
Eastern Ontario Crops Conference
Kemptville, ON
February 12, 2019
2. All our forages are stressed
⢠Tough seeding year conditions
⢠Tough production year conditions
⢠Pests and diseases
⢠Crop management practices
How can we reduce stress in 2019?
3. Fertility
Economic response to fertilizer below:
12 ppm P
120 ppm K
High removal rates:
23 kg N/tonne DM
6.1 kg P2O5/tonne DM
23.5 kg K2O/tonne DM
2.5 kg S/tonne DMPhoto: OMAFRA Soil Fertility Handbook
4. Phosphorus and alfalfa
⢠P is critical for roots and
energy
⢠Deficiency shows as
slowed growth, spindly
plants, small dark blue-
green leaves
⢠Low soil P negatively
affects winter survival
Arizona College of Agricultural and Life Sciences â Cooperative Extension
5. Potassium and alfalfa
⢠K â critical for enzymes,
water regulation and
winter survival
⢠Deficiency shows as
yellow/white spots
along leaf margins
(older leaves)
⢠Subject to luxury
consumption
6. Sulphur and alfalfa
⢠High uptake and removal: >5 lbs S/ton
⢠Early season demand â impact of cool, wet
spring?
⢠Deficiency can have significant effect on yield
18. What Does the Research Say?
Minimum height fine when no other stressors.
Species Minimum Cut Height
Alfalfa 2.5 cm (1â)
Fall = 10 cm (4â) for snow
Cool-season grasses 10 cm (4â) est.
7.5 cm (3â) prod.
Warm-season grasses 10 cm (4â)
19. What Does the Research Say?
Low cut height (alfalfa):
⢠â yield 0.5 tons DM/acre per inch Wiersma, 2000
⢠â quality ~4 RFV points per inchWiersma and Wiederholt, 2001
⢠â risk of soil contamination
â 1% â in ash = 1% â in TDN
â Equal to delaying 1st cut by 4.5 daysBlank, Orloff, & Putnam, 2001
⢠Can reduce stand longevity
23. What Does the Research Say?
⢠â # of harvests = â root reserves
⢠Persistence improves when alfalfa is cut
between 1st flower and 25% bloom Alfalfa Management
Guide, ASA
⢠Timing of fall harvest is
important; can â spring
yields
https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_a/A336/welcome.html
27. Alfalfa Stand Assessment
Plant Count Method (per ft2)
Stand Age Good Stand Consider
Replacement
Seeding Year 25-40 <15
1st year >12 <8
2nd year >8 <5
3rd year >6 <4
4th year or older >4 <3
33. Things You Can Do:
⢠Feed the crop
⢠Raise the cutter bar
⢠Adjust harvest timing
⢠Timely termination (assess the stand annually)
⢠Scout during the growing season
⢠Manage risk with insurance