1. The abdominal aorta a. the parietal branches b. the visceral branches 2. The common iliac arteries and veins 3. The external iliac artery and veins 4. The internal iliac artery and veins 5. The inferior vena cava 6. The portal vein 7. The cavacacal Anastomoses 8. The portacaval Anastomoses 9. The Fetal Circulation

1. The Department of Human anatomyThe Department of Human anatomy
ANATOMY OF BLOODANATOMY OF BLOOD
VESSELS OFVESSELS OF
ABDOMINALABDOMINAL
AND PELVIC CAVITIES.AND PELVIC CAVITIES.
PORTACAVALPORTACAVAL ANDAND
CAVACAVACAVALCAVAL
AANASTOMOSESNASTOMOSES..
FETAL CIRCULATION.FETAL CIRCULATION.

2. PLANPLAN
 THE ABDOMINAL AORTATHE ABDOMINAL AORTA
a) the parietal branchesa) the parietal branches
b) the visceral branchesb) the visceral branches
 THE COMMON ILIAC ARTERIES AND VEINS
 THE EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY AND VEINS
 THE INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY AND VEINS
 THE INFERIOR VENA CAVATHE INFERIOR VENA CAVA
 THE PORTAL VEINTHE PORTAL VEIN
 THE CAVATHE CAVACAVALCAVAL AANASTOMOSESNASTOMOSES
 THETHE PORTACAVALPORTACAVAL AANASTOMOSESNASTOMOSES
 THE FETAL CIRCULATION.THE FETAL CIRCULATION.

3. THE ABDOMINAL AORTATHE ABDOMINAL AORTA
Relations of the abdominal
aorta:
The abdominal aorta
begins its course from the
aortic hiatus of the
diaphragm and terminates
with the aortic bifurcation at
L4. The abdominal aorta
descends along the left side
of vertebral column. The
inferior vena cava resides on
the right.
The abdominal aorta gives
rise to parietal and
visceral (paired and
unpaired) branches

4. TheThe abdominalabdominal
aortaaorta bifurcates anteriorbifurcates anterior
to the left side of L4 intoto the left side of L4 into
thethe common iliaccommon iliac
arteriesarteries. These two. These two
arteries diverge andarteries diverge and
further divide into thefurther divide into the
externalexternal andand internalinternal
iliac arteriesiliac arteries on eachon each
side at the level of theside at the level of the
lumbosacral intervertebrallumbosacral intervertebral
disc.disc.

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6. The parietal branchesThe parietal branches
ofof abdominal aortaabdominal aorta are likeare like
the followingthe following::
 thethe inferior phrenic arteryinferior phrenic artery,, arteriaarteria
phrenica inferior,phrenica inferior, paired, it arisespaired, it arises
from the uppermost segment of thefrom the uppermost segment of the
abdominal aorta. It supplies theabdominal aorta. It supplies the
diaphragm and the suprarenal glanddiaphragm and the suprarenal gland
 thethe lumbar arterieslumbar arteries,, arteriaearteriae
lumbaleslumbales (4 pairs) run laterally(4 pairs) run laterally
crossing the bodies of lumbarcrossing the bodies of lumbar
vertebrae. They supply the respectivevertebrae. They supply the respective
vertebrae, the muscles of back andvertebrae, the muscles of back and
abdominal wall.abdominal wall.
 thethe median sacral arterymedian sacral artery,, arteriaarteria
sacralis medianasacralis mediana is the unpairedis the unpaired
branch that arises from the aorticbranch that arises from the aortic
bifurcation. It descends along thebifurcation. It descends along the
pelvic surface of sacrum to the lesserpelvic surface of sacrum to the lesser
pelvispelvis


7. THE VISCERAL BRANCHES of
abdominal aorta
The paired branches:
-Suprarenal artery
-Renal artery
-Ovarian artery/Testicular
The unpaired branches:
•Celiac artery: supplies the
abdominal viscera
•Left gastric artery: supplies the
stomach and esophagus
•Splenic artery: supplies the spleen,
stomach and pancreas
•Common hepatic artery: supplies
the liver
•Superior mesenteric artery:
supplies the pancreas, small intestine
and colon
•Inferior mesenteric artery:
supplies the descending colon and
rectum

9. TheThe external iliacexternal iliac
arteryartery gives off thegives off the
inferior epigastricinferior epigastric
andand deep circumflexdeep circumflex
iliac arteriesiliac arteries andand
continues as thecontinues as the
femoral artery in thefemoral artery in the
lower limb.lower limb.
TheThe internal iliacinternal iliac
arteryartery gives manygives many
branches and thesebranches and these
are divided intoare divided into
anterior and posterioranterior and posterior
trunk divisions.trunk divisions.

10. Branches of the
Posterior Trunk of
the
Internal Iliac Artery
- The iliolumbar
artery ascends to the
medial border of the psoas
major muscle.
-The lateral sacral
arteries.
-The superior gluteal
artery.
-The inferior gluteal
artery.

11. Branches from the Anterior
Trunk of Internal Iliac Artery
1.The superior vesical artery.
2.The inferior vesical artery (in males).
3.The middle rectal artery.
4.The uterine artery (in females).
5.The vaginal artery (corresponds to the
inferior vesical artery of males).
6.The obturator artery.
7.The internal pudendal artery:
The artery gives the branches as follows:
- the inferior rectal artery.
- the artery of bulb of penis,
- the dorsal artery of penis (clitoris),
- the deep artery of penis (clitoris),
- the perineal artery,
- the posterior labial branches (the
posterior
scrotal branches),
- the inferior gluteal artery.

12. Figure 21.31
The Venous Drainage of theThe Venous Drainage of the
Abdomen and ChestAbdomen and Chest

13. TheThe inferior venainferior vena
cavacava
((v. cava Inferiorv. cava Inferior),), the thickestthe thickest
venous trunk in the body,venous trunk in the body,
lies in the abdominal cavitylies in the abdominal cavity
close to the right side of theclose to the right side of the
aorta.aorta.
Lying in theLying in the sulcus venaesulcus venae
cavaecavae on the posterioron the posterior
surface of the liver, thesurface of the liver, the
inferior vena cava theninferior vena cava then
passes through the foramenpasses through the foramen
venae cavaevenae cavae of theof the
diaphragm into the thoracicdiaphragm into the thoracic
cavity and immediatelycavity and immediately
drains into the right atrium.drains into the right atrium.

14. TheThe parietalparietal veins:veins:
(1)(1) the right and leftthe right and left
lumbar veinslumbar veins
(vv. lumbales dextrae(vv. lumbales dextrae
andand sinistraesinistrae
vv. lumbalesvv. lumbales
ascendensascendens));;
(2(2) the phrenic veins) the phrenic veins
(vv. phrenicae(vv. phrenicae
inferiores).inferiores).
Tributaries of the inferior vena cava.Tributaries of the inferior vena cava.
Venous drainage of abdominal organs notVenous drainage of abdominal organs not
drained by the hepatic portal vein.drained by the hepatic portal vein.
They are divided into parietal and visceral veins.

15. 1)1) the testicularthe testicular
veinsveins (vv.(vv.
testiculares) intesticulares) in
males (ovarianmales (ovarian
veins in females)veins in females)
2)2) the renal veinsthe renal veins
(vv. renales);(vv. renales);
3)3) the rightthe right
suprarenal veinsuprarenal vein (v.(v.
suprarenalissuprarenalis
dextra);dextra);
4)4) the hepatic veinsthe hepatic veins
(vv. hepaticae)(vv. hepaticae)
The visceral veins:

16. Veins of Hepatic PortalVeins of Hepatic Portal
SystemSystem
 Drains blood fromDrains blood from
viscera (stomach,viscera (stomach,
spleen and intestines)spleen and intestines)
to liver so thatto liver so that
nutrients are absorbednutrients are absorbed
It is formed by the
1. Superior
mesenteric vein
2. Inferior
mesenteric vein
3.Splenic vein.
The portal vein and its tributaries

17. The cavaThe cava--cavalcaval
aanastomosesnastomosesThe anterior abdominal wall:
- the superior epigastric veins(SVC system) and
the inferior epigastric veins(IVC system).

18. The posterior abdominal
wall:
-the vertebral venous
plexuses,
-the sacral and lumbar
veins (IVC system) and
the vertebral, azygos and
hemiazygos veins(SVC
system),
-the azygos and
hemiazygos veins(SVC
system) and ascending
lumbar veins (IVC
system)
The cavacaval anastomoses

19. The porto-caval
anastomoses:
- The oesophageal (SVC
system) and left gastric
veins (HPV system).
- The paraumbilical veins
(HPV system) and the
veins of anterior
abdominal wall (SVC and
IVC systems).
- The superior rectal veins
(HPV system) and middle,
inferior rectal veins (IVC
system).

20. - Pair of umbilical
arteries carry
deoxygenated blood &
wastes to placenta.
- Umbilical vein carries
oxygenated blood and
nutrients from the
placenta.
Fetal Circulation

21.  Facilitates gasFacilitates gas
and nutrientand nutrient
exchangeexchange
betweenbetween
maternal andmaternal and
fetal blood.fetal blood.
 The blood itselfThe blood itself
does not mix.does not mix.
The Placenta

22. Some blood from the
umbilical vein enters
the portal circulation
allowing the liver to
process nutrients.
The majority of the
blood enters the
ductus venosus, a
shunt which bypasses
the liver and puts
blood into the hepatic
veins.
Umbilical vein to portal
circulation

23. Foramen ovale
Blood is shunted from right
atrium to left atrium, skipping
the lungs.
More than one-third of blood
takes this route.
Is a valve with two flaps that
prevent back-flow.
The blood pumped from the
right ventricle enters the
pulmonary trunk.
Most of this blood is shunted
into the aortic arch through
the ductus arteriosus.
Ductus arteriousus

24. - The change
from fetal to
postnatal
circulation
happens very
quickly.
- Changes are
initiated by
baby’s first
breath.
What happens at birth?

25. Foramen ovaleForamen ovale Closes soon after birth,Closes soon after birth,
fuses completely in firstfuses completely in first
year.year.
Ductus arterioususDuctus arteriousus Closes soon after birth,Closes soon after birth,
becomes ligamentumbecomes ligamentum
arteriousum in about 3arteriousum in about 3
months.months.
Ductus venosusDuctus venosus Ligamentum venosumLigamentum venosum
Umbilical arteriesUmbilical arteries Medial umbilical ligamentsMedial umbilical ligaments
Umbilical veinUmbilical vein Ligamentum teresLigamentum teres
Аfter birth

26. Problem with persistence
of fetal circulation
Patent (open) ductus arteriosus and patent
foramen ovale each characterize about 8%
of congenital heart defects.
Both cause a mixing of oxygen-rich and
oxygen-poor blood; blood reaching
tissues not fully oxygenated. Can cause
cyanosis.
Surgical correction now available, ideally
completed around age two.
Many of these defects go undetected until
child is at least school age.

27. Thank you for attention!Thank you for attention!