S. Al-Hassan & R. K. Amankwah & R. S. Nartey, University of Mines and Technology, Ghana, Direct Smelting of Gold Concentrates as an Alternative to Amalgamation in Small-scale Gold Mining Operations
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Direct smelting of gold concentrates is proposed as an alternative to mercury amalgamation for small-scale gold mining in Ghana. Laboratory and field tests showed direct smelting recovered 99.9% of gold compared to 97% for amalgamation. It is cheaper and does not use hazardous mercury. Challenges include developing alternatives to charcoal fuel and improving crucible integrity for processing different concentrate types. Direct smelting is presented as a viable replacement for amalgamation in small-scale gold mining.
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S. Al-Hassan & R. K. Amankwah & R. S. Nartey, University of Mines and Technology, Ghana, Direct Smelting of Gold Concentrates as an Alternative to Amalgamation in Small-scale Gold Mining Operations
- 5. Geological map of Ghana showing rock formations that contain gold
- 6. Location of Small-scale Mining District Centres, Ghana Upper East Bolgatanga Eastern Akim Oda Central Assin Fosu, & Dunkwa-on-Offin Western Tarkwa, Bibiani, & Asankragua Region District Centres Location
- 7. ASSM Gold & Diamond Production 1989 Gold 2% Diamonds 40% 2001 Gold 6% Diamonds 95% 2007 Gold 12% Diamonds 98% SSM Contribution Total Ghana Production Source: Minerals Commission, Ghana 839,235 2,628,290 2007 972,991 2,342,722 2006 1,065,923 2,138,944 2005 905,344 2,031,971 2004 904,089 2,274,627 2003 963,493 2,236,833 2002 1,090,072 2,381,345 2001 878,011 2,457,152 2000 Diamond Prodn (carats) Gold Prodn (oz) Year
- 9. Mining in Dry Area (Eluvial) 90% greater than 1 mm
- 10. Concentration (Dry Area) Winnowing Washing
- 11. Mining of Alluvial Deposits
- 12. Mining Hard Rock (Reefs)
- 13. SSM Dredging in Ghana (Suction)
- 16. Sluicing
- 17. Panning
- 18. Gold concentrate in a pan
- 19. Amalgamation
- 20. Squeezing excess mercury from amalgam
- 21. Fireplace for burning amalgam
- 22. Spongy gold
- 23. Gather and sell
- 24. Open hearth for smelting gold
- 31. Furnace (sika bukyia) Removable chimney Steel shell Refractory bricks Stabilizer bar Combustion chamber Pipe for exhaust fan
- 32. Direct Smelting
- 33. Mixing charge and feeding crucible
- 35. Heating crucibles in furnace
- 37. Removing crucible after smelting
- 38. Pouring of molten material
- 39. Cooling of melt in a mould
- 40. Separation of gold from slag Gold
- 41. Gold beads
- 42. Field trials
- 44. Cost of Direct Smelting 1.6 Total 0.8 12 kg Charcoal 0.4 2 Crucibles 0.4 200 g Flux Cost (GH¢) Weight/number Item
- 45. Cost comparism 3.20 5.50 Total 1.50 Smelting 0.50 Heating of amalgam 3.20 4 crucibles (2 operations) 4.00 Half teaspoonful of mercury (27 g) Cost, GHC Direct smelting Cost, GHC Amalgamation
- 46. Challenges (alternative fuels) PALM KENNEL
- 48. Challenges (alternative fuels) GAS Crucibles Gas cylinder Furnace
- 49. Challenges (alternative fuels) GAS
- 50. Challenges (integrity of crucibles)
- 52. Cost estimates for kit CHARCOAL
- 53. Cost estimates for kit GAS
- 55. RIDE A CROCODILE AT PAGA GHANA THANK YOU OBRIGADO