360 degree flexible drilling machine

1. A PROJECT REPORT
ON
"360 DEGREE FLEXIBLE DRILLING MACHINE"
Submitted to Singhania University, Rajasthan In Partial Fulfilment of
the Requirement for the Award of the Degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN MECHANICAL ENGG.
SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY, JHUNJHUNU, RAJASTHAN
SUBMITTED BY:
INDRANIL MUKHERJEE
Enrollment No. 1406087360
Batch No- 1401
PROJECT GUIDE
ER. ANKITA SINGH
ACADEMIC COLABORATION
LOHIYA COLLEGE, LUCKNOW (U.P.)

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SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY, RAJASTHAN
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that INDRANIL MUKHERJEE bearing Enrollment No.
1406087360 has satisfactorily completed the field project work in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING program for the year 2018 which is
compulsory for the award of Degree Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering.
Project Guide Academic Head
Er. ANKITA SINGH
Date :
Recordof Submission
Name of candidate: .....................................
Batch No. .....................................
Registration No. .....................................
Examination Center: .....................................
Signature of Supervisor .....................................

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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project entitled "360 DEGREE FLEXIBLE
DRILLING MACHINE" submitted for the Degree in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING is my original work and the dissertation has not formed the
basis for the award of any, degree, and Associate ship, fellowship or any
other similar titles.
Place: Lucknow Name: INDRANIL MUKHERJEE
Date: Enrolment No. 1406087360

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I am grateful to Er. ANKITA SINGH, Faculty of MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING, Faculty of Engineering, Singhania University, Lucknow.
And Also I am so indebted to Head of MECHANICAL & Assembly
Section, for dedicating his valuable time on behalf of our own goodness &
for providing us a faculty of knowledge. Next I am thankful to all the
employees of MECHANICAL & assembly section for giving us their kind
co-operation.
Thank you!
INDRANIL MUKHERJEE
(Enrollment No. : 1406087360)

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ABSTRACT
Directional drilling machine which can be used based on drilling holes in various location
and movement and easily operation done with high accuracy. Productivity can be
improved by reducing total machining time and reduced human effort and reduced
manufacturing cycle time. In this present age the application of micromachining
operations continues to grow. These operations are required to fabricate the products
required for sectors like medical science, automobile industries and electronics
manufacturing etc. which deals with miniature trends. Drilling process is one of the
machining processes which is used to drill micro holes not only in micro products but also
in relatively larger work pieces which require ultra-small features which can be
accomplished only by drilling process
Key words: Drilling machine, Performance, Movement, Material, Operation etc.

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CONTENTS
CETIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRILLING MACHINE
DRILLING PROCESS
LITARATURE SURVEY
DEVELOPMENT OF DRILLING MACHINE
MOVEMENTS IN FLEXIBLE DRILLING MACHINE
SETUP PROCEDURE
WORKING PROCEDURE
METHODOLOGY
COMPONENT & SPECIFICATION
FUTURE SCOPE
CONCLUSION & SUMMARY

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INTRODUCTION
Around 35,000 BCE, Homo sapiens discovered the benefits of the application of rotary
tools. This would have rudimentarily consisted of a pointed rock being spun between the
hands to bore a hole through another material. This led to the hand drill, a smooth stick
that was sometimes attached to flint point, and was rubbed between the palms. This was
used by many ancient civilizations around the world including the Mayans. The earliest
perforated artifacts such as bone, ivory, shells and antlers found, are from the Upper
Paleolithic era.
Bow drill (strap-drills) are the first machine drills, as they convert a back-and
forth motion to a rotary motion, and they can be traced back to around 10,000 years ago.
It was discovered that tying a cord around a stick, and then attaching the ends of the
string to the ends of a stick(a bow), allowed a user to drill quicker and more efficiently.
Mainly used to create fire, bow-drills were also used in ancient woodwork, stonework
and dentistry. Archeologist discovered a Neolithic grave yard in Mehrgrath, Pakistan
dating from the time of the Harappans, around 7,500-9,000 years ago, containing 9 adult
bodies with a total of 11 teeth that had been drilled. There are hieroglyphs depicting
Egyptian carpenters and bead makers in a tomb at Thebes using bow-drills. The earliest
evidence of these tools being used in Egypt dates back to around 2500 BCE. The usage of
bow-drills was widely spread through Europe, Africa, Asia and North America, during
ancient times and is still used today. Over the years many slight variations of bow and
strap drills have developed for the various uses of either boring through materials or
lighting fires.

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We had chosen the user defined project (UDP) for our final year project. We are
decided our topic to develop the automatic multi-operational portable machine say like
tapping, drilling, grinding, reaming, and other relative operation. This will make use of
compressed air (pneumatic mechanism) for its operation. We will trying to develop the
portable machine which will easily handle and cover a maximum working area from one
station and make it more flexible to working easily. As a small industries the machine
and operation method use for drilling, tapping and other similar process is not
economically and eco friendly. As we know that drilling machine use the electricity as
there power source these machine have many limitation like it is not flexible and not
moveable, consume more floor area and main problem is that it need continuous
electricity which increase the cost of production. The tapping operations are performed
by use of convention tap or hand tap. during operation it is necessary with a hand tap to
periodically reverse rotation to break the chip formed during the cutting process, thus
preventing effect called crowding that may cause defect. In convention method, main
problem causes during the tapping operation for big job industries and complex job these
causes are created defect on tap tool, increasing operational lead time, inaccuracy of
thread geometry, more production cost and more labour cost.
1.1 General Aspects of Drilling Machine:
Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a rotating
cutter called DRILL. The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine. The
drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is held in tailstock
and the work is held by the chuck. The most common drill used is the twist drill.

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It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop. The work piece
is held stationary i.e. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to make a hole.
Drilling machine is kind of machine rotating cutting tool which direction the drill feeds
only on the machine axis(workmanship perforation). Drilling is operating while
producing round holes in the piece work by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.
A Drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool attachment,
usually a drill bit or driver bit, used for boring holes in various materials or fastening
various materials together with the use of fasteners. The attachment is gripped by a chuck
at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed against the target material.
The tip, and sometimes edges, of the cutting tool does the work of cutting into the
target material. This may be slicing off thin shavings grinding off small particles crushing
and removing pieces of the work piece, countersinking, counter boring, or other
operations.
Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction and do-it-
yourself projects. Drills are available with a wide variety of performance characteristics,
such as power and capacity.
Drill machines have been the heart of every industry. Drilling holes in parts,
sheets and structures is a regular industrial work. Perfect and well aligned drilling needs
fixed and strong drills. Some parts cannot be drilled using fixed drills due to low space
between drill bit and drill bed. We need to use hand drills in such cases but hand drills
have alignment problems while drilling. So here we propose a 360 degree flexible drill
that can be mounted on a table or wall and can be used to drill holes horizontally,
vertically or even upside down. So this makes it possible for easy drilling in even

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complicated parts and surfaces. Thus we use rotating hinges and connectors with motor
mount and supporting structure to design and fabricate a mini 360 degree drill for easy
drilling operations.
2 DRILLING PROCESS
Drilling is the method of making holes in a work piece with metal
cutting tools. Drilling is associated with machining operations such as
trepanning, counter boring, reaming and boring. A main rotating
movement is common to all these processes combined with a linear feed.
There is a clear distinction between short hole and deep hole drilling.
The drilling process can in some respects be compared with turning and
milling but the demands on chip breaking and the evacuation of chips is
critical in drilling. Machining is restricted by the hole dimensions, the
greater the hole depth, the more demanding it is to control the process and
to remove the chips. Short holes occur frequently on many components
and high material removal rate is a growing priority along with quality
and reliability.
Solid drilling is the most common drilling method, where the hole is
drilled in solid material to a predetermined diameter and in a single
operation.
Trepanning is principally used for larger hole diameters since this

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method is not so power- consuming as solid drilling. The trepanning
never machines the whole diameter, only a ring at the periphery. Instead
of all the material being removed in the form of chips, a core is left
round the center of the hole.
Counter boring is the enlargement of an existing hole with a
specifically designed tool. This machines away a substantial amount of
material at the periphery of the hole.
Reaming is the finishing of an existing hole. This method involves small
working allowances to achieve high surface finish and close tolerances.
The cutting speed, or surface speed (vc) in for drilling is determined by
the periphery speed and can be calculated from the spindle speed (n)
which is expressed in number of revolutions per minute. During one
revolution, the periphery of the drill will describe a circle with a
circumference of π x Dc, where Dc is the tool diameter. The cutting
speed also varies depending upon which cutting edge across the drill-
face is being considered.
A machining challenge for drilling tools is that from the periphery to the
center of the drill, the cutting speed declines in value, to be zero at the
center. Recommended cutting speeds are for the highest speed at the
periphery.

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The feed per revolution (ƒn) in mm/rev expresses the axial movement of
the tool during one revolution and is used to calculate the penetration
rate and to express the feed capability of the drill.
The penetration rate or feed speed (vf) in mm/min is the feed of the tool
in relation to the work piece expressed in length per unit time. This is
known as the machine feed or table feed. The product of feed per
revolution and spindle speed gives the rate at which the drill penetrates
the work piece. The hole depth (L) is an important factor in drilling as is
the radial cutting depth (ap) and feed per tooth (fz) for calculations.
Machining holes
Holes are either made or finish machined. Most work pieces have at least
one hole and depending upon the function of the hole, it needs machining
to various limitations.

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The main factors that characterize
A hole from the machining view point are:
- diameter
- depth
- quality
- material
- conditions
- reliability
- productivity
3 LITERATURE REVIEW
Micromachining operations play an important role in precision production industries.
Out of the various machining processes, micro-drilling is used to produce micro holes
in fuel injectors, printed circuit board, aerospace materials etc. So in order to achieve
the optimum working conditions various research were conducted by different
researchers from across the globe. This report reviews some of the journal published by
them regarding optimization processes.
Yogendra Tyagi,Vadansh Chaturvedi and Jyoti Vimal have conducted an experiment
on drilling of mild steel, and applied the taguchi methods for determining the optimum
parameters condition for the machining process using the taguchi methods and analysis
of variance. The work piece used is mild steel (100mm×76mm×12mm) and the tool
used is HSS with a point angle of 118° and diameter of 10 mm. Taguchi L9 orthogonal

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arrays is used here in order to plan the experiment. The input parameters are feed rate,
depth of cut and spindle speed whereas the output responses are surface roughness and
metal removal rate (MRR).In case of signal to noise ratio calculation, larger the better
characteristics is used for calculation of S/N ratio for metal removal rate and nominal
and small the better characteristics is used for the calculation of S/N ratio for surface
roughness. After the analysis of the data obtained it is found that MRR is affected
mostly by feed. Confirmation experiment was conducted using the data obtained from
S/N ratio graphs and it confirmed with the results of taguchi methodology. In case of
surface roughness analysis same procedure was followed where the significant
parameter was found to be the spindle speed. Here too the confirmation experiment was
conducted and this confirms the successful implementation of taguchi methods.
Timur Canel,A. Ugur Kaya,Bekir Celik studied the laser drilling on PVC material in
order to increase the quality of the cavity. Taguchi optimization methods was used to
obtain the optimum parameters. The material used in the experimental setup is PVC
samples with dimensions of 5mm×85mm×4.5mm. Surelite Continuum Laser is used to
form the cavities. The input parameters are wavelength, fluence and frequency and the
output response are aspect ratio, circularity and heat affected zone. Taguchi L9
orthogonal array is used to find the signal to noise ratio. Smaller the better
characteristics is used for HAZ, larger the better characteristic is used for aspect
ratioand nominal the better characteristic is used for circularity. Variance analysis is
performed usingthe calculated S/N ratio to conclude optimum stage. It is found that
most effective parameter for aspect ratio is frequency, second is wavelength and last is

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fluence. For circularity it is found that the most effective parameter is wavelength,
fluence and frequency. For HAZ it is found that the most effective parameter is
wavelength, second is frequency and last is fluence. The experimental results are
compatible with Taguchi method with 93% rate.
Thiren G. Pokar,Prof. V. D. Patel used grey based taguchi method to determine the
optimum micro drilling process parameters. hivapragash, K.Chandrasekaran,
C.Parthasarathy, M.Samuel have tried to optimize the drilling process involving metal
matrix composites(MMC) in order to minimize the damage done to it during the
process by using taguchi and grey rational analysis. The work piece used is Al-
TiBr2(MMCs),with dimension of 100mm × 170mm × 15mm.The tool material is HSS
with diameter of 0.6 mm. The input parameter are spindle speed, depth of cut and feed
rate whereas the output parameter are MRR and surface roughness. For finding out the
optimal combination of cutting parameters the results are converted into S/N ratios and
higher the better type characteristics is used for MMR, and smaller the better
characteristics is used for surface roughness.
Wen Jialing and Wen Pengfei used an orthogonal experimental design in order to find
out the optimum process parameters for injection molding of aspheric plastic lens, to
reduce volumetric shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage variation. Six input parameters
were taken, each with 5 levels(Fill Time/sec, holding pressure/Mpa, holding
pressure/times, cooling time/s, melt temperature/°C, mold temperature/°C.L25(56
)
orthogonal array is used to plan the above experiment. The parameters affecting both
volumetric shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage variation are identified in order.

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4 DEVELOPMENT OF DRILLING MACHINE
A. Equipments used for the Experiment as shown:
 Base plate 
 Vertical arm 
 Hrizontal arm 
 Suspension spring 
 Rollar bearing 
 Motor 
 Drill bit 
 Copper wire 
 Switch board 
 Guider


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Fig. 1: Experimental Setup Diagram
5 MOVEMENTS IN FLEXIBLE DRILLING MACHINE
This drilling machine possesses a radial arm which along with the drilling head
can swing and move vertically up and down as can be seen in Fig. The radial, vertical and
horizontal arm movement of the drilling head enables locating the drill spindle at any
point within a very large space required by large and odd shaped jobs.
The tubular column on that the radial arm which moves up and down manually or
it can powered movement then the drilling head here this is called drilling head which
holds the drill spindle here in which the drill is mounted and is subjected to rotation. The
entire head is mounted on the radial arm and this can move inward and outward from the
drill axis. Also the horizontal arm can slide linearly on vertical arm. Not only that, as this

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along with this radial arm the drilling head moves upward and downward to have large
gap between the to drill and job or there is a stoke length. Not only that further this radial
arm can be rotated about the column rotated about the column, say about 360 degree.
The main movements in the machine are:
 360 degrees rotation of arm joint. 

 Up & down movement of the horizontal arm on vertical arm. 

 Linear slide movement of horizontal arm. 


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5.1 Setup Procedure
1) Base:
The base acts a support for the whole machine. It’s made of a mild steel. The base of the
drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to the floor, provides for
vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy. The top of the base is similar to the
worktable and may be equipped with t- slot for mounting work too larger for the table.
2) Arm:
There are two arms:
 Vertical arm 
 Horizontal arm 
The primary arm holds the secondary arm and it is with the help of this arm the 360° of
rotation is transferred from the t plate to the secondary arm in order to move the drill
head at angles. They are made up of stainless steel.
3) Cross Slide:
We have used a hand drilling machine to be fixed on the cross slide. Our drilling
machine can drill holes on concrete, wood and metal. The drill bit can be rotated
both clockwise and anticlockwise direction

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6 WORKING PROCEDURE
Pneumatic multi-operation machine make use of compressed air obtained from
compressor passes through pressure regulator & then passes through pneumatic gun. In
pneumatic gun air exerts a axial spinning force on the spindle located inside the tool head
which causes the drill tool to rotate inside the work piece with required RPM.

Fig. 2: Concept Design
7 METHODOLOGY
Step 1: Part collection
After some survey from market finally we bought pneumatic gun, pressure regulator,
pipes, wheels for table & adaptor at the reasonable price.
Fig 3: Pneumatic Gun

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Fig 4: Pressure Regulato
Fig 5: Connecting pipe
Step 2: Define Joints
 We defined joints which are used for relative motion of arms & also to rotate gun
in 360 degree.
 We designed mainly three types of joints such as ball joints, pin joints &
rotational top head.
 We can switch to an automation by using servo motor in the defined joints for
future scope.

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Fig 6: Joints
Step 3: Design arms or linkages
 We made arms or linkages having material of mild steel with help of fabricator.
 We can use telescopic arms to extend the work envelope of pneumatic drilling
machine for future scope.
Step 4: Fabrication of table
 We made supporting table to sustain the load of pneumatic drilling machine by
mounting it on the table.
 We provide wheels to the table to provide the portability to the machine

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Fig 7: Supporting table
Step 5: Assembling of component
After collection & designing of all parts we go for the final assemble to give the final
touch to our machine.
Finally we assembled all the components in the one single unit and made universal
drilling machine to justify our project title “DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT OF
UNIVERSAL PNEUMATIC DRILLNG MACHINE”.
Fig 8: Partial Assembling

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Fig 9: Final assembly
Step 6: Fabrication of table
 We did some experiment by drilling the material as wood, aluminium & cast iron
using the appropriate tool & air pressure.
 The experiments in the image shows the drilling of the workpiece. The other
operation such as tapping, boring, grinding, thread cutting can also Performed by
our machine.
Fig 10(a): Experiment 1

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Fig 10(b): Experiment 2
8 COMPONENT & SPECIFICATION
Fig 11: Component & specification (All dimensions are in mm)
9 FUTURE SCOPE
 We can use servo motor in our machine to provide the automation by giving auto
feed.
 We can use telescoping arm to increase the working envelope of the machine to
reach in any direction easily.
 We can use hydraulic system or hydraulic lubrication to operate the machine in
smooth manner without including the less fatigue of man power. 

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CONCLUSION & SUMMARY
 Due to the various problems faced by conventional operation processes such as Poor
thread finish, more time consumption, frequent tool breakage and many more. So, we
have decided to design the machine which will make use of compressed air as a
power source. 

 Above is the Future model of pneumatic machine on which the tapping ,drilling,
boring etc operation is achieved by Pneumatic system and it eliminates all the
problem faced by conventional operation process. 

 This pneumatic multi-operation Machine is to be presented for increasing their
productivity as well as quality of job. It also gives the detailed description of machine
mechanism and their different main parts of machine. In this we are defining different
process parameters like spindle speed (rpm), cutting feed rate, cutting force, torque
and power for their efficient working of operation. 
