6. CEH-Pyometra-ComplexCEH-Pyometra-Complex
CEH precedes pyometra
CEH & pyometra → two separate entities → clinical
manifestations & morphohistological differences
(De Bosschere et al, 2001)
Four gradations of CEH-Pyometra complex
(Dow, 1959)
7. Type I Type II Type III Type IV
thickened
endometrium
with
translucent
cysts
diffuse
plasma cell
infiltration
acute
endometritis
metritis or
pyometra
Chronic
endometritis,
squamous
metaplasia
8. ““Open” or “Closed” cervixOpen” or “Closed” cervix
1. Closed pyometra
2. Open pyometra
3. Stump pyometra
inflammation/ bacterial infection→uterine body
remnant
Severity of signs : cervix patency
11. Predisposing FactorsPredisposing Factors
Age
middle-aged or old bitches (> 4 years)
8.2 years (Dow, 1959)
2.4 years (Kersey, 2004)
Parity
nulliparous, intact bitches
Oestrous characteristics
long diestrus
12. Breed
wire-haired Dachshund/ Mongrels: ↓ risk
Rottweiler, rough-haired Collie,Cavalier King
Charles Spaniel/ Golden Retriever: ↑ risk
(Susi Arnold, 2006)
No breed influence on pyometra development
(Niskanen & Thrusfield, 1998)
13. PathogenesisPathogenesis
1) Hormonal influence on uterus
2) Virulence of infecting bacteria
3) Ability of bitch to combat infection
4) Individual sensitivity
Growth factors & their receptors (growth factors
receptors, GFs)
(Gama et al. 2009)
14. Hormonal influence on uterusHormonal influence on uterus
Progesterone in aetiology of canine pyometra & its
potentiation by estrogen
Teunissen (1952)
Prolonged stimulation of uterus by progesterone from cystic
corpora lutea
Hardy & Osborne (1974)
Steroid hormones influence conc. & distribution of steriod
receptors in uterus & cause pyometra
Dhaliwal et al (1999)
15.
16. Virulence of infecting bacteriaVirulence of infecting bacteria
Bacterial infection- not primary cause
Predominant bacteria (in 82–100% of clinical cases):
Escherichia coli
E. coli isolates → O serogroups (O4, O6)
(Wadas et al, 1996)
Uropathogenic virulence factors (UVFs) for extra-intestinal
infection
(Yuri et al, 1999)
17. Genes Products
pap P fimbriae
fim Type1 fimbriae
sfa S fimbriae
hlyA α-haemolysin
cnf1 cytotoxic necrotising factor 1
iuc aerobactin
afa afimbrial adhesin 1 or Afa1
18. P fimbriae
PapGIII adhesin binds to Galα1–4Gal glycolipids &
Forssman Ag
bacterial adhesion & colonization
α-haemolysin/ CNF1 : tissue damage
E. coli isolates : 5, 3 or more UVF genes
genetic linkage- UVF genes & pathogenicity associated
islands (PAIs) : cnf1, hlyA; hlyA, pap; cnf1, hlyA, papGIII
19. Clinical signs Open-cervix Close-cervix
Vaginal discharge Watery- creamy;
light brown, green or
yellow
rare
Temperature normal/ slightly
elevated
elevated/ sub-normal
(toxemic bitch)
Lethargy/ depression + +
Vomiting + +
Polyuria/ polydipsia + +
Clinical signs : 4-8 wks following last standing heat
20. Diestrus bitch with purulent vaginal dischargeDiestrus bitch with purulent vaginal discharge
21. Mechanism of PolyuriaMechanism of Polyuria
Multifactorial
Reduced permeability for water in DCT of kidney
(Asheim, 1964)
Deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli causes
membranoproliferative glomerulonephropathy
(Sandholm et al, 1975)
Renal tubular insensitivity to ADH due to tubular
damage by E.coli endotoxins
22.
23. Abdominal palpationAbdominal palpation
Open-cervix pyometra
thickened, irregular & slightly turgid uterine horns
Closed-cervix pyometra
greater degree of uterine distension
visible abdominal enlargement
Care taken to avoid rupturing a distended uterus
24. UltrasonographyUltrasonography
In early diagnosis of canine pyometra
(Bigliardi et al; 2004)
Most valuable in closed-cervix pyometra
Uterine wall- increased thickness/ hypoechoic
Uterine lumen- grossly dilated/ anechoic fluid with
small echogenic particles
31. 1. Antibiotics1. Antibiotics
in every case
G(-) and G(+) efficacy
according resistogram as soon as possible
Quinolones (Enrofloxacin/Marbofloxacin)
Gentamicin
Cefalosporins
32. Natural PGF₂α Synthetic PGF₂α0.02 mg/kg SC bid 7-10 days 0.001– 0.002 mg/kg SC OD
7-10 days
Day 1 : 0.1 mg/kg
Day 2 : 0.2 mg/kg
Day 3-7 : 0.25 mg/kg OD
Longer duration of action
Dinoprost
(Lutalyse®)
Cloprostenol
(Cyclix®)
2. Prostaglandin F₂α/ PGE
37. ControlControl
1. O.H.
at 6 months of age or before
after breeding years
2. Post-partum reproductive system checking
3. Very rarely use contraceptive drugs
38. ConclusionConclusion
Canine pyometra : infectious cause of infertility
Occurrence : any bitch → clinical signs → after diestrus
regardless of age
Confirmatory diagnosis : combination of diagnostics
OH : therapy of choice
PGF₂α therapy : ↑ success rates in open-cervix pyometra