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History of Sexology Part 4
- 2. 1960-1980: THE SEXUAL REVOLUTION 1960’s and 1970’s put emphasis on personal growth, self-actualization, and ready availability of oral contraceptives lead to the sexual revolution
- 3. • Media and books on topic spur conversation and experimentation • Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Sex But Were Afraid to Ask (Ruben, 1969 and 1999) • Joy of Sex (Comfort, 1972) • Sexually Speaking radio program by Dr. Ruth Westheimer INCREASED MEDIA ATTENTION TO SEX
- 4. JUNE, 1981: FIRST AIDS DIAGNOSIS
- 5. The “Laumann Study” • George Laumann noted that there had been no follow- up to Kinsey’s studies • The Social Organization of Sex (1994) and Sex in America (1994) • Lead researcher of Sexual dysfunction in the United States, published in 1999 • Stated that 40% of women and 25% of men will have a sexual problem in their lifetime
- 6. 1990’S AND RISE OF SEXUAL MEDICINE • Publication of peer-reviewed journals such as Sexualities and the Journal of the History of Sexuality • Urologists develop a primarily biological understanding of ED rather than psychological • Develop nocturnal penile tumescence and penile Doppler ultrasonography • Intracavernosal injection and intraurethral systems
- 7. Viagra ™ (sildenafil citrate; a heart medication discovered to have the side effect of producing an erection) approved by the FDA and forever changes the treatment in sexual problems in men MEDICATIONS FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
- 8. • Campaign by author Leonore Tiefer • Protests use of medicine to treat sexual problems • Targets medications to improve female sex drive, which are seen as a response to availability of Viagra™ • Successfully defeats P&G medication being passed by FDA 2000: THE NEW VIEW
- 9. 2000: CYBER AGE •Public gains access to more information about sex—some good, some poor • Formation of alternative sexual communities de- pathologizes unique sexual practices • Transgender individuals have more access to information about the disorder and its treatment
- 10. Kleinplatz (2013) sees future study in… • Information technology • Impact of drug use on sexual function • Issues of consent in sexual relationships • Civil rights for LGBTQ issues PEGGY KLEINPLATZ: THE FUTURE OF SEXOLOGY
Hinweis der Redaktion
- THE 1960S AND THE 19070S WERE A TIME WHEN PEOPLE PUT A GREAT DEAL OF VALUE ON PERSONAL GROWTH AND self ACTUALIZATION. THE READY AVAILABILITY OF CONTRACEPTION—FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HUMAN HISTORY—ALLOWED FOR EXPLORATION OF ONE’S SEXUALITY AND THE BEGINNING OF WHAT CAME TO BE CALLED THE SEXUAL REVOLUTION.
- DURING THIS TIME THERE WAS ALSO INCREASED MEDIA ATTENTION ON THE TOPIC OF SEX, AND AUTHORS WROTE BOOKS ON SEX FOR PUBLIC CONSUMPTION. DR. RUTH WESTHEIMER BECAME WELL KNOWN FOR HER OPEN CONVERSATION ABOUT SEX, AS WELL AS HER NOTORIOUS LAUGH.
- THE APPEARANCE OF THE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED SCOURGE OF HIV/AIDS FOREVER CHANGED THE SEXUAL LANDSCAPE AROUND THE GLOBE. BECAUSE THE FIRST REPORTS STATED THAT THE DISEASE WAS TRANSMITTED THROUGH ANAL SEX, GAY MEN WERE TARGETED FOR HATEFUL COMMENTS ABOUT THEIR SEXUAL PRACTICES. IT WAS A VERY DARK TIME FOR THE GAY POPULATION, AS THOUSANDS OF MEN SUCCUMBED TO THE DISEASE. AS PEOPLE AND THE MEDIA BECAME AWARE THAT HIV/AIDS ALSO AFFECTED HETEROSEXUAL PEOPLE, SOME OF THE PREJUDICE WAS QUELLED, THOUGH NOT ALL.
- IN THE 90’S GEORGE LAUMANN, A SOCIAL SCIENTIST, WANTED TO CREATE FOLLOW-UP STUDIES TO KINSEY’S WORK TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT AMERICAN SEXUAL BEHAVIORS. . Awarded funding for study of human sexuality by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Study blocked by an act of Congress and resulted in a need for public funding IN 1999, THE LARGEST STUDY OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE UNITED STATES WAS PUBLISHED. ALTHOUGH THE NUMBERS HAVE THEIR CRITICS, MANY HAVE EXTRAPOLATED THAT 40% OF WOMEN AND 25% OF MEN WILL HAVE A SEXUAL PROBLEM IN THEIR LIFETIME
- THE 1990S SAW THE RISE OF SEXUAL MEDICINE. SEXUAL PROBLEMS, SUCH AS ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION, WERE NO LONGER SEEN AS STRICTLY PSYCHOLOIGCAL. PHYSICIANS BECAME INTERESTED IN THE POSSIBILITY OF TREATING SEXUAL PROBLEMS, WORKING HAND IN HAND WITH RESEARCHERS TO DEVELOP VARIOUS MEDICAL TREATMENTS. RESEARCHERS DEVELOPED WAYS TO MEASURE WHETHER OR NOT A MAN HAD ERECTIONS WHILE HE SLEPT. IF SO, IT MEANT THAT THERE WAS LIKELY A BIOLOGICAL CAUSE FOR PROBLEMS. THE FIRST MEDICATIONS FOR TREATING ED INCLUDED INTRACAVERNOSAL INJECTION GIVEN DIRECLTY INTO THE PENIS, AS WELL AS A TINY TABLET THAT COULD BE DROPPED INTO THE URETHRA.
- PFIZER PATENTED VIAGRA IN 1996 AND WHAT CAME TO BE KNOWN AS THE LITTLE BLUE PILL BECAME AVAILABLE FOR MEN WITH ED IN 1998. OTHER MEDICATIONS HAVE FOLLOWED AND NO DOUBT THERE ARE STILL MORE IN THE WORKS AT PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES IN THE HOPE OF FINDING THE NEXT VIAGRA.
- Campaign led by Leonore Tiefer, PhD protests the use of medicine to treat sexual problems, especially to increase sexual desire in WOMEN. THERE IS MORE ABOUT THIS ISSUE IN A LATER MODULE.
- IN 2000, THE INTERNET DOMINATES POPULAR CULTURE. THE PUBLIC…
- IN AN ARTICLE FROM 2013 ON THE FUTURE OF SEXOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGIST AND SEX THERAPIST DR. PEGGY KLEINPLATZ OUTLINED FOUR AREAS IN NEED OF FURTHER UNDERSTANDING. FIRST, THE INTERNET HAS HAD A PROFOUND EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEXOLOGISTS. AS KLEINPLATZ SEES IT, STUDENTS TURN TO THE INTERNET TO SEEK KNOWLEDGE, RATHER THAN LOOKING FOR WAYS TO CREATE INSIGHT. TECHNOLOGY HAS ALSO HAD A WIDESPREAD IMPACT ON PEOPLE’S EXPECTATIONS OF SEXUALITY. WHICH SEEMS TO BE FULFILLMENT THROUGH PENIS-VAGINA INTERCOURSE FOR HETEROSEXUAL COUPLES. IN A SECOND AREA, KLEINPLATZ BELIEVES THAT THERE SHOULD BE ADDITIONAL STUDY ON THE INTERSECTION OF DRUG USE AND SEXUAL FUNCTION. THIRD, SHE SEES GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT WHAT CONSTITUTES CONSENT IN SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS, AS PART OF OUR UNDERSTANDING OF SEXUAL ASSAULT. FINALLY, THERE IS A CONTINUED NEED FOR ADVOCATING FOR THE RIGHTS OF LGB POPULATON AND FOR UNDERSTANDING HOW TRANSGENDER PEOPLE CURRENTLY EXPERIENCE AND EXPRESS THEIR GENDER.
- ADDITIONAL AREAS FOR FUTURE STUDY IN SEXOLOGY INCLUDE THE EXAMINATION OF MONOGAMOUS AND NON-MONOGAMOUS LIFESTYLES; THE GROWING IMPACT OF INFERTILITY ON FORMING SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP; AND HOW TREATMENT OF SEXUAL PROBLEMS WILL LOOK AS THE AMERICAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM EVOLVES. SEXOLOGY IS A POTENT FIELD OF STUDY. IT MAY SEEM AS THOUGH IT IS NEW, BUT AS YOU HAVE LEARNED HUMANS HAVE RECORDED IDEAS ABOUT SEX SINCE ANCIENT TIMES. OUR UNDERSTANDING OF SEXUALITY IS STILL PRIMITIVE, HOWEVER, IN COMPARISON TO MANY OTHER ASPECTS OF OUR HUMAN EXISTENCE.