1. INSTITUTE OF DENTAL STUDIES & TECHNOLOGIES
DEPT. OF PROSTHODONTICS CROWN AND BRIDGE
HISTORY AND SCOPES OF
PROSTHODONTICS
PRESENTED BY
DR SONU KUMAR
MDS 1ST yr student
SONU.DMF@GMAIL.COM
2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO PROSTHODONTICS
HISTORICAL REVIEW
HISTORICAL DATES
HISTORY OF COMPLETE DENTURES
HISTORY OF FACEBOW
HISTORY OF SURVEYOR
3. HISTORY OF RPD
HISTORY OF FIXED PARTIAL DENTURES
CROWN
BRIDGES
HISTORY OF IMPLANT
HISTORY OF ARTICULATORS
HISTORY OF DENTAL MATERIALS
RECENT ADVANCMENT
4. INTRODUCTION
Dentistry has a long history.
Oral disease has been a problem since time beginning
Modern dentistry method trace back to earliest culture.
Prosthodontics is one of eight recognized specialties of dentistry. Prosthetic dentistry deals with the
diagnosis, treatment planning, rehabilitation and maintenance of the oral function, comfort, appearance
and health of patients and clinical conditions associated with missing and deficient and/or oral and
maxillofacial tissues using biocompatible substitutes.
5. HISTORICAL REVIEW
25,00:cro magnon year age shows evidence of tooth decay
5,000 B.C, “tooth worm” cause of dental decay
1700: “Barber surgeon” jack of all trades. Used to extract teeth and performed minor surgery and used to
cut hair
migration of dental practioners to American colonies and removed diseased tooth and inserted tooth.
1800’s : started extracting teeth with “turnkey ” cleaning teeth with scraper and removed cavities with
hand instrument.
Filling material: tin, gold foil, lead and silver
Dentures were carved from ivory or fashioned from teeth of cattle.
6. HISTORICAL DATES
600B.C- Etruscans practice dental prosthetics using gold crowns and fixed
bridgework.
1500 A.D- Ivory dentures comes into existence
1728 A.D- Faucherd proposes use of porcelain
1744 A.D- Duchateau makes First recorded porcelain denture
1864 A.D- Molding process of vulcanite dentures is patented by charles Goodyear
1855 A.D- Robert Arthur originates cohesive gold foil , allowing dentists to insert
gold into cavity
1871 A.D-First Tooth coloured Silicate cement were introduced
7. 1901 A.D. Weston A. Price recommended the use of x-ray in root canal work .
1903 A.D. Four years course in dental colleges established .
1907 A.D. William H. Taggart demonstrates the cast gold inlay.
1907 A.D- William Taggart invents a Lost Wax Casting Machine, allowing dentists to
make precision cast fillings.
1937A.D – Alvin Strock inserts the first Vitallium dental screw implant.
1949 A.D- Oskar Hagger , a Swiss chemist ,develops the first system of bonding
acrylic resin to dentin & use of acrylics for dentures.
8. 1976 A.D – GIC invented by A Wilson
1978 A.D- Light activated composite appears in market
1983 A.D- Horn introduces resin bonded ceramic veneers
20 th century saw significant development in dentistry.
10. HISTORY OF COMPLETE DENTURES
For years, dentures were fashioned from wood .
BONE Replacement of decaying or lost tooth have been produced for
thousand of years .
denture were made as early as 700 BC using ivory & Bone . unfortunately,
this level of technology was lost until about the 1800’s Bone was chosen
due to its availability, reasonable cost and carvability .
Fauchard fabricated dentures by measuring individual arches with a
compass and cutting bone to fit the arches .It had better dimensional
stability than wood, esthetic and hygienic concerns remained.
Denture carved by
Buddhist priest
11. IVORY They offered esthetic and hygienic advantage in comparison with denture bases
carved from wood or bone.
Carved ivory upper denture retained in the mouth by springs with natural
human teeth cut off at the Neck and riveted at the base
12. 1794 John Greenwood began to swage gold bases for
dentures. Made George Washington's dentures .
George washington’s last dental prosthesis. The palate was
swaged from a sheet of gold and ivory teeth riveted to
it.The lower denture consists of a single carved block of
ivory. The two dentures were held togther by steel Springs.
13. Human teeth were also used,pulled from the deceased or sold by poor
people from their own mouths.
G.Fonzi an italian dentist in Paris invented the Porcelain teeth for the
construction Of dentures
Picture shows partial denture of about 1830,porcelain teeth of fonzi’s
design have been Soldered to a gold backing.
14. Could be tinted to simulate the colors of teeth and oral soft tissues.
One piece porcelain upper denture crafted by Dr John
Scarborough,Lambertville, New Jersey 1868.
15. In 1839 an important development took place CHARLES GOODYEAR
discovered VULCANIZATION of natural rubber with sulphur(30%) and was
patented by Hancock in england in 1843.
NELSON GOODYEAR (brother of charles goodyear) got the patent for
vulcanite dentures in 1864.
A set of vulcanite dentures worn by Gen. John J. (Blackjack) Pershing,
commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in France during the First
World War
Set of complete dentures having palate of swaged Gold and porcelain teeth
set in vulcanite.
16. 1868 John Hyatt, A US Printer, discovered the first plastic molding
compound, called celluloid. He made it by dissolving nitrocellulose
under pressure
In 1909, another promising organic compound was found. This was
phenol formaldehyde resin discovered by Dr. Leo Backeland
Celluloid upper denture 1880,celluloid as a Substitute for vulcanite
was unsuccessful as It absorbs stains and odors in the mouth,
Gradually turns black and was flammable.
17. In 1937 Dr. Walter Wright gave dentistry its very useful resin.
It was polymethyl methacrylate which proved to
be much satisfactory material tested till now
Denture made of polymethyl methacrylate
18. Ambrose Paré (1510-1590) - first to describe the use
of artificial eyes to fit an eye socket.
Made of gold and silver.
Two types can be distinguished: ekblephara and
hypoblephara , intended to be worn in front of or
under the eyelids, respectively. A hypoblephara eye
was designed to be used above an atrophic eye, as
enucleation was not a common practice until the
middle of the 1800s
19. Lauret hiester (1752)- glass eyes:
Lauret hiester (1752)- glass eyes The town of Lausche, Germany, had a rich history in both decorative
(doll eyes, Christmas ornaments) and prosthetic arts.
In the 19th century, German craftsmen (later coined "ocularists") began to tour the United States and
other parts of the world, setting up for several days at a time in one city after another where they
fabricated eyes and fit them to patients.
Eyes were also fitted by mail order.
20. Stock eyes (or pre-made eyes) were also utilized. An "eye doctor" might keep
hundreds of glass stock eyes in cabinets, and would fit patients with the best eye
right out of the drawer
21. POST WORLD WAR II YEARS
POST WORLD WAR II YEARS
Methyl methacrylate supplanted vulcanite as denture material
Prevulcanized latex introduced in 1939 - used for hollow and lightweight appliances
Vinyl polymers, copolymers, and plastisols introduced around 1940
Polyurethane elastomer introduced in the 1970s.
22.
23. Amatus lusitanus (1564) -Sponge Obturator
with bent nail carrying the sponge.
Ambroise pare (1510-1590), father of
surgery-modified lusitanus’ obturator by
substituting nail with a functional clip Sponge
obturator with screw closure and Special
forceps.
24. HISTORY OF FACEBOW
HISTORY OF FACEBOW 1889- Richmond.S.Hayes- introduced first e.g of facebow like device.
Named it-Articulating Caliper.
But acc. To Prothero(1916)- Thomas.S.Gilmer- first to suggest principle of facebow
Articulating caliper- Used to record the distance from patients condyle to a point along the
midline of maxillary occlusal rim.
1894-George.K.Bagby of Newburn obtained patent for Jaw Gauge.
He took condyle as posterior reference point & alveolar border at symphysis as anterior
reference point
25. 1899-George B Snow –vital breakthrough-introduced first instrument & technique for recording
anatomic relationship of maxilla to the condylar axis & transferring this to articulator.
Wardswarth T attachment added a new dimension to facebows by providing a 3 rd point of
reference to determine vertical position of occlusal plane.
26. 1866- Francis H Balkwill described maxillomandibular movement & relationship. He
introduced an instrument an for measuring angle formed b/w planes of two lines drawn from
articulating surface of condyles to the incisal point & occlusal plane - Balkwills angle.
He also constructed Bite Frame- enabled to place lower in the same position relative to
center of hinge.
Charles.E.Luce-first to use mandibular facebow to reproduce movement of
mandible……..used photographic method to record movements.
1896 - William.E.Walker invented Facial Clinometer-used to determine the individual
relationships & movements of mandible.
27. HISTORY OF SURVEYOR
HISTORY OF DENTAL SURVEYOR:- Paralleling device used long before the development of dental surveyor.
Before visual surveying of cast was done.
Dr. A.J.Fortunnati –first to demonstrate advantages of using mechanical device to map contours of
abutment teeth.
Dr. Kennedy credited for coining the term –Height of Contour.
Robinson suryeyor–First surveyor designed for RPD
28. 1917- Stanton-Hanau Dental Surveying Apparatus got patent .
During 20 th century suryeyor marketed by Ney Dental International dominated market
1923-weinstein & Roth developed commercially available surveyor
Broken arm surveyor- significant modification…..allow surveyor to function as milling machine through
adaptation
Blockout instruments- surveyor used to blockout undercuts ,using a pendulum surveyor
Milling machines – Developed for precision attachment fabrication.
Nowadays, undercut areas are projected by a beam of laser light
29. PARALLELOMETERS:
•Used before surveyors.
•Can be used intra orally as
well as in labs. •Partially block
undercuts.
•Advanced parallelometer:
Galloni isoparallelometer model
1020 •2000 Bechmann
parallelometer: for the
placement of precision
attachment parallel to path of
insertion.
31. NEY SURVEYOR:
•First model developed by
Ney in 1923
•Original Ney surveyor
featured a convenient
palm rest on the top of
the vertical arm.
•First surveyor to be
commercially available.
•Ney designed in 1938 is
the currently used
surveyor.
32. JELENKO SURVEYOR:
•It is also known as Will’s
surveyor.
•It was introduced in 1929
•It is used with different
designs of cast holders.
33. WILLIAM SURVEYOR:
•Table is adjusted to
desired tilt.
•Degree of inclination
can be recorded for
positioning the cast at any
time.
•Centre of rotation
always remains constant.
34. RETENTOSCOPE:
•It is produced by the saddle
lock company. •It is a surveyor
with undercut gauge.
•The cast attached on the table
can be raised and lowered
vertically and eliminates the
need for movement in vertical
rod.
35. TICONIUM: STRESS O GRAPH:
•One of the modern instrument
•The marking point will make
vertical line on the abutment
tooth until depth has been
reached.
•Also produced by Ticonium
company. •Consists of two
vertical holders/ horizontal
arms.
•One for measuring undercut.
•Second for measuring survey
line.
36. BROKEN-ARM CAST
SURVEYOR
•Featuring the Gimbel
stage table.
•Can be adjusted in any
tilt/ direction. •Spring
loaded surveying arm.
•Straight hand piece could
easily be clamped with
surveying arm.
37. ELECTRONIC/COMPUTERIZED
SURVEYORS:
•Surveyor with milling machine:
built in motor and cross table
•Micro analyzer: capable of
measuring undercut
electronically in mm.
•Paratherm surveyor: blockout
waxing instrument heats waxing
tools electrically, surveying arm
moves in 3 axis.
•Austenal surveyor: modern
electical surveyor.
38. OPTICAL SURVEYOR:
•parallel light beams.
•Light bulbs with dense filaments
& condenser lenses.
•Contained in a box.
Advantages:
•Changes in survey lines &
undercut can be inspected easily.
•Better visualization.
Disadvantages:
. •Requires dark room •Light beams
reflecting from cast can pose problems in
illumination
39. INTRA-ORAL SURVEYORS
•For checking tooth preparation of
abutment teeth for
fixed/removable partial dentures.
•Accurately indicates planned path
of insertion
•Visual guide during tooth
preparation •Inexpensive, practical
& readily available method.
40. HISTORY OF RPD
Any prosthesis that replaces some teeth in a partially dentate arch. It can be
removed from the mouth and replaced at will-(GPT )
1770- Alexis-made the partial denture-porcelain teeth & ivory base
1791- first British patent granted to Nicholas Dubois De Chemant - for the
purpose of making partial set of denture-attached by springs for
affixing the same in a more easy & effectual manner.
1792- he began to sell dentures
1808- single tooth in porcelain were made
1950-thermoplastisized materials introduced in dentistry
41. 1962 - Flexite company-introduces first flexite thermoplastic –
flomopolymer (Teflon type of plastic)- used in fabrication of flexible
dentures.
1986- Dental-D company introduced tooth coloured clasps using
Acetal Resin.
20 th century-acrylic dentures
42. HISTORY OF FPD
1789- first made by J. Greenwood –carved from hippopotamus ivory Denture
contains real human teeth fixed in ivory by means of Brass Screws
CROWNS ; 5 th century B.C-first constructed by Etruscans
1880- Porcelain tooth soldered to gold backing- patented by Dr. Cassius
1884- A crown constructed entirely of porcelain with a metal dowel
incorporated inside- patented by Dr. Marshell
1888 – Charley Henry Land- patented a method of fashioning porcelain inlays
1901- method of fusing porcelain at higher temperature has been perfected
43. 1903 – Land introduces the strong esthetic porcelain jacket crown
1992- Fixed Partial Dentures replaces missing teeth
44. 1884- A crown constructed entirely of porcelain with a metal dowel
incorporated inside- patented by Dr. Marshell
1888 – Charley Henry Land- patented a method of fashioning porcelain inlays
45. 1901- method of fusing porcelain at higher temperature has been perfected
1903 – Land introduces the strong esthetic porcelain jacket crown
1992- Fixed Partial Dentures replaces missing teeth
BRIDGES : Started 2600 yrs ago First use –comes from Etruscans
Extravaganza –bridges-made for women-show their wealth.
46. HISTORY OF DENTAL IMPLANT
3000 yrs ago –first copper stud was nailed in an Egyptian mouth
1913- Endosseous crib of iridium- paladium introduced
1920- Variation in orthopedic screw seen
1930- Development of chrome alloys-development of modern dental technology
1939-Stock brothers of Boston introduces a solid screw
1940-Dalh of Germany introduces intramucosal or button implants (maxilla)
1948-Subperiosteal implant- Vatallium -introduced by Goldberg & Gershkoff
47. 1953- Sollier - Transosteal implant
1966- Linkow – Endosseous Blade-Vent implant
1970- Ramus frame implant - Roberts & Roberts
1977- Branemark – reported results of prospective clinical research trials of
totally edentulous pts. Restored with dental implants-Revolutionized implant
dentistry
1981-Non submerged implant system introduced
1984 onwards several improvements –CT scan, sinus lift, nerve transposition,
pterygoid implants
48. HISTORY OF ARTICULATORS
It is a mechanical instrument
that represents the
temporomandibular joints and
jaw membranes, to which
maxillary and mandibular
casts may be attached to
simulate some or all
mandibular movements
49. It may never be known when, where and from whose imagination the first
mechanical hinge articulator emerged.
Early articulators were hand made, constructed from material at hand. More
common terms used were- Antagonizing frames , occluding frames.
1756- first mechanical articulator- plaster articulator by PHILIP PFAFF
50. ARTICULATORS FROM 1700 To 18001
Philip Pfaff—plaster articulator (1756)
The plaster articulator was first described by Phillip Pfaff in 1756. A plaster
extension on the distal portion of the mandibular cast was grooved to serve as
a guide for a plaster extension Of the maxillary cast. The extended casts
together constituted the first articulator, commonly called a slab articulator
51. ARTICULATORS FROM 1801 To 1900
• Barn Door Hinge articulator and adaptable Barn Door
Hinge
• JB Gariot’s first mechanical articulator (1805)
• Howarth plaster articulator (1830)
• Thomas W Evans—plain line articulator (1840)
• Cameron’s articulator (1840)
• Daniel T Evens articulator (1840)
• Bonwill articulators (1858)
53. ARTICULATORS FROM 1901 TO 1950
1. Huberty articulator (1901)
2. Kerr articulator (1902)
3. Christensen’s articulator (1905)
4. New century and modified new century articulator—
George Snow (1906–1907)
5. The Acme articulator (1906)
6. Gysi adaptable articulator (1910)
7. Luce articulator (1911)
58. THE BARN DOOR HINGE
The "barn door', hinge, which
long has been in use, is
inexpensive and easy to obtain
from any hardware or general
store.
This heavy-duty hinge is
modified by bending each arm
90 degrees to form L-shaped
upper and lower members.
59. THE ADAPTABLE BARN DOOR
HINGE
The adaptable "barn door" hinge
is capable of opening and
closing only in a hinge
movement.
It has an anterior Vertical stop,
which is usually a carriage or
machine bolt.
Provided that the instrument is
well manufactured and not
flexible, lateral movement is
held to a minimum.
60. GARIOT HINGE ARTICULATORS
Gariot hinge joint articulator J B gariot designed the
1 st hinge articulator in 1805. Non adjustable.
61. Howarth Plaster
Articulator
In 1830, Howarth and Ladmore,
produced a most common method
for relating casts with the help of
plaster index (also called as plaster
articulators).
It consisted of two nested metal
boxes which were held in position
and the hinge movement was
controlled with elastics.
The casts were secured in place,
with twins or elastics.
62. Thomas W Evans—plain line
articulator
It is one of the earliest
mechanical hinge articulators.
Important feature was that
vertical dimension could be
preserved or altered as
required.
64. THE KERR ARTICULATOR
Several models of the Kerr articulator were on the market early in this century. It has a
fixed protrusive and lateral movement.
The hinge is located on approximately the same plane as the occlusal plane of the
mounted cast. The concept of this design involved copying the center of mandibular
rotation in the translatory opening movement.
65. The New Century articulator
The New Century articulator has
been credited to George B. Snow
of the University of Buffalo.
In 1906 he improved on the
Gritman articulator of 1899 by
converting the fixed condylar
paths to adjustable condylar
paths 1 and adding a tension
spring, which allowed a greater
range of movement without
compromising the stability of the
frame. The rotation centers were
placed 4 inches apart in
accordance with Bonwill's theory.
66. Snow developed a number of
articulators; the modified
version of the New Century
instrument shown incorporates
the incisal pin.
67. THE ACME ARTICULATOR
The Acme articulator, which also was made
by George B. Snow, is an elaboration of his
1906 New Century instrument.
It includes three models of different widths
that accommodate three ranges of
intercondylar distance.
The condylar paths are straight, and the
condylar inclination is adjustable; the incisal
pin rests on a changeable incisal guide.
The Bennett movement is provided for
arbitrarily. The guiding mechanisms are on
the upper member.
68. GYSI ARTICULATOR
Gysi simplex articulator
Designed in 1908.
Semi adjustable. Uses extraoral
tracing.
Advance instrument at that
time.
69. GYSI SIMPLEX ADAPTABLE ARTICULATOR
Gysi simplex adaptable
articulator Designed by Alfred
Gysi in 1914.
Non adjustable and mean value
articulator.
71. MONSON ARTICULATORS
Monson articulator Designed by Monson in 1918.
Based on spheric theory of occlusion. Non adjustable.
Maxillomandibular instrument by Monson
72. STEPHAN ARTICULATOR MODEL P
Stephan articulator Model P The stephan
articulator as modified in 1940s is a simple
hinge joint articulator that has a fixed
condylar path
Additional feature are an incisal pin and a
vertical height adjustment.
73. GRITTMAN ARTICULATOR
• Grittman articulator Designed in
1899.
• Non adjustable.
• Condyles are on the lower member
of the articulator Cast are mounted
according to bonwill’s triangle
75. Johnson - Oglesby articulator Developed
around 1950.
Has limited use and restorations
produced. with it may required major
adjustments intraorally.
Moyer instrument is a mean value
articulator and non adjustable.
76. THE HANAU MODEL H110
THE HANAU MODEL H110
The Hanau Model H110 T articulator evolved from the Model H115 that was
manufactured in 1922 and 1923.
It has individual condylar guidance adjustments in both the sagittal and the
horizontal planes.
77. THE HANAU MODEL H110 MODIFIED
THE HANAU MODEL H110 MODIFIED
A modified Hanau Model H110 articulator appeared on the market in 1927 and
introduced the incisal guide table. The original incisal guide cup with its fixed
curvature could be moved only as a unit, and it did not have calibrations for
resetting. The improved table appeared on Hanau articulators manufactured
from 1927 to 1972 and allowed for adjustments in three dimensions through a
considerable range.
78. THE PHILLIPS STUDENT ARTICULATOR
THE PHILLIPS STUDENT ARTICULATOR
Phillips demonstrated a prototype of the Student Articulator in 1926 before
the National Society of Denture Prosthetists in Philadelphia.
The articulator could reproduce mechanically the movements of the graphic
recorder through the use of two vertical pins that follow the horizontal
inclination of the glenoid fossa on adjustable horizontal planes and two
horizontal pins that retraced the needlepoint tracing with the aid of two
lateral controlling planes.
79. THE STANBERY TRIPOD INSTRUMENT
THE STANBERY TRIPOD INSTRUMENT
Before 1929, articulators could not accept all positional records; therefore
the Stansbery Tripod articulator was designed without a hinge to facilitate the
reproduction of any positional relationship.
80. THE HANAU CROWN AND BRIDGE
ARTICULATOR
THE HANAU CROWN AND BRIDGE ARTICULATOR
The Hanau Crown and Bridge articulator is a small articulator, but unlike with
other hinge articulators, a posterior pin-and-cam guidance mechanism can be
set to simulate working and balancing side excursions of 15 degrees.
81. THE HANAU MODEL H2 SERIES
THE HANAU MODEL H2 SERIES
The principal feature of the Hanau Model 96H2 articulators was an increased
distance between the upper and lower members from 95 mm to
approximately 110 mm.
In addition, the orbital indicator was added to the upper member. The H2-XPR
had features identical to those of other models in this series, but in addition
it had extendable condylar shafts and a retrusive protrusive adjustment in the
condylar element. An adaptation of the Hanau Model H110 articulator, which
uses a 0.75 inch lucite shim to increase the condylar post height, was
described by Flinchbaugh
82.
83. THE DENTATUS ARL ARTICULATOR
THE DENTATUS ARL ARTICULATOR
The Dentatus ARL articulator is a semiadjustable articulator that is a shaft
type of instrument with a straight condylar path and a fixed intercondylar
distance. In mechanical principle and design it is similar to the Hanau H2.1
An adjustable positioning mechanism on the upper member allows the use of
a block that standardizes tile upper member to the lower member.
84. THE NEY ARTICULATOR
THE NEY ARTICULATOR
The Ney articulator is an arcon insirument with no locking device between the
upper and lower members for centric position. The condylar elements can be
set to varying intercondylar distances. These elements contain metal
interchangeable condylar paths, and the elements are adjustable in all three
planes to accept all positional records.
85. THE HANAU MODEL 130-21 ARTICULATOR
THE HANAU MODEL 130-21 ARTICULATOR
The Hanau Model 130-21 articulators is one of a series (University series) of 24
models that vary from a basic equivalent model similar to the Hanau Model H
to the more sophisticated Model130-21. This instrument has the condylar
element in the upper member and is a split-axis instrument. It has a centric
locking device and a mechanism to keep upper and lower members together.
It is adjustable to varying intercondylar distances.
86. THE WHIP-MIX ARTICULATOR
THE WHIP-MIX ARTICULATOR
The Whip-Mix articulator is a simplified version of Stuart's fully adjustable
articulator." It was designed for complete dentures, and was intended to be
useful as a diagnostic instrument and as a teaching aid. This is a
semiadjustable arcon articulator that has three intercondylar adjustments:
small, medium, and large. These are selected by means of the accompanying
Quick Mount face-bow that uses the external auditory meatus as a posterior
landmark.
87. THE SIMULATOR
THE SIMULATOR
The Simulator evolved from the Granger Gnatholator. It is a fully adjustable
articulator that can bc set from pantographic tracings, positional records, and
other tracings. There are curved condylar paths, but the unique feature of
the articulator is a condylar path that rotates inwardly, a broken axis, and a
mechanical timing element that combine to reproduce mechanically the
Bennett movement and Fischer's angle.
89. THE DENAR MODEL D4A ARTICULATOR
THE DENAR MODEL D4A ARTICULATOR
The Denar D4A articulator (Fig. 90) is programmed from tracings made with a
pneumatically controlled pantograph that was developed and introduced by
the same company. The D4A articulator is a fully adjustable instrument that
uses interchangeable condylar guidances that can be adjusted.
90. THE DENTATUS ARO ARTICULATOR
THE DENTATUS ARO ARTICULATOR
The Dentatus ARO articulator has all the features of the Dentatus ARL plus the
unique feature of a movable arm that holds the mandibular cast. The
universal joint and the locking device that attaches the movable arm to the
base allow repositioning of the mandibular cast without remounting. The
gauge block is used to center the lower member to the upper member, but
once the mandibular cast has been repositioned the articulator or casts
cannot be interchanged without the aid of centric relation records.
91. HISTORY OF DENTAL MATERIALS
From ancient times to 1700s
• Replacement of teeth
• Gold
• Dentistry mean esthetics not function
• (a) Ivory, which was carved
• (b) Porcelain, which was fired into tooth shapes
• (c) Wax and gypsum, which were used for impressions and models
• (d) Zinc oxide–eugenol and zinc phosphate,which evolved as fillings and
cements to “glue” the restoration to the tooth
92. Dental materials in 1800s
• Amalgam, a silver filling material, was widely accepted and frequently used.
• Porcelain was also used for inlays and crowns.
Source: clinical aspects of dental materials by Marcia Gladwin Michael Bagby.
93. Dental materials in 20th century
• Casting techniques were esteblished
• Alloys of gold, titanium, chromium with cobalt and with nickle were made
• Cast metals were used for crowns bridges and partial dentures
• Polymers and composites were also introduced
94. Dental materials and 21st century
Dental materials and 21st century
• New ceramic materials and technologies are coming day by day
• PEEK (poly ether ether ketone) as new dental material
• Basic concepts and uses are same, unchanged
95. HISTORY OF MATERIALS:
HISTORY OF MATERIALS
18 th and 19 th century bees wax.
1782 William Rae – used wax with POP.
1842 Montgomery discovered GP.
1848 Colburn and Black- GP impression.
1925-28 Development of Hydrocolloids.
1930 – A W Ward and E B Kelly introduced ZOE
96. 1936-40 Alginate by S.William Wilding.
1950 introduction of elastomers.
1960 Introduction of polyether in Germany.
1988 Latest addition and light cured elastomers.
1990-2000 New auto devices and delivery systems.
Research continues….
97. RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN
PROSTHODONTICS
RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN PROSTHODONTICS:
1.STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
2.LASER APPLICATION IN PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
3. A CAD/CAM SYSTEM
4.IMPRESSION MATERIAL
5.ADHESIVES
99. OROFACIAL PROSTHESIS DESIGN AND
FABRICATION USING STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
OROFACIAL PROSTHESIS DESIGN AND FABRICATION USING STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
The use of stereolithography for the manufacture of implantable prosthesis is
relatively new aspects of this dentistry Data extracted from Computed
Tomography (CT scan) can be used to produce computer models of three
dimensional (3D) anatomical structures Using sterolithography , a rapid
prototyping technique these computer models can be made into solid physical
models.
100. LASER APPLICATION IN PROSTHETIC
DENTISTRY
LASER APPLICATION IN PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
The current use of Lasers in Reconstructive Dentistry encompases a wide
variety of soft tissue procedures but the future may hold promise for hard
tissue procedures too.
101. LASER USE IN FIXED PROSTHESIS
LASER USE IN FIXED PROSTHESIS
Complete control of the oral environment at operative site is essential.
Frequently cases are encountered in which gingival tissues need to be altered
because of area of inflammation, previous subgingival restoration or
subgingival caries.
The finish line need to be placed near epithelial attachment making it
impossible to retract the gingiva without stripping the attachment, bruising
the periodontal ligament and creating uncontrolled bleeding.
Sulcur gingivoplasty improves impression Technique and minimize gingival
recession.
102. LASER USE IN IMPLANT DENTISTRY
LASER USE IN IMPLANT DENTISTRY
The importance of creating an environment for soft tissues around
perimucosal portion of the implants cannot be over stated.
All implants must pass through the submucosa and overlying stratified
Squamous Epithelium.
103. A CAD/CAM SYSTEM FOR FABRICATION OF
DENTURES
A CAD/CAM SYSTEM FOR FABRICATION OF DENTURES
So far the use of CAD/CAM has primarily being foccused on fixed restoration
such as inlays crown because difficulty in recording soft tissue morphologies
of edentulous areas, and interocclusal relationship.
PROCEDURE:
Involve three major steps
(1) Impression procedure
(2) Denture designing
(3) Denture fabrication
104. IMPRESSION MATERIALS
ALGINATE:
ALGINATE Most commonly used impression material
Advantages
(1) Quick setting time
(2) low cost
(3) mild flavor
Disadvantages
(1) Poor dimensional stability
(2) Messy
(3) Hazardous dust
(4) Repetitive hand mixing TYPES
105. DUSTLESS ALGINATE
Contain high Algin content.
Glycerin is incorporated on alginate particles Provides quality impression
without the excessive flow.
Provides more comfort then any other alginate impression material. Provides
protection by reducing airborne particles , easier cleaning and healthy
environment.
106. FLUORIDE CONTAINING ALGINATE:
FLUORIDE CONTAINING ALGINATE Addition of NaF or SnF2 in an alginate
impression. Can exert a considerable reduction in enamel solubility After
fluoride addition, flexibility was 15.45–20.27%, and the recovery from
deformation did not
change.
107. CHROMATIC ALGINATE:
Advantages
Colour changes seen while setting
It is also more uniform, smoother and the compact surface enables a higher
definition of detail.
Three-phases of chromatic alginate: -
Purple phase: mixing time –
Orange phase: processing time –
Yellow phase: insertion in the mouth
108. AUTO-MIX ALGINATE:
it is time-saving, cost-effective alternative to traditional alginate. No hand
mixing is required.
Saves time and material Impressions remain stable. Tolerates disinfectants.
109. SILGIMIX :
SILGIMIX An alginate Replacement Impression Material Developed from vinyl
polysiloxane chemistry Addresses the shortcomings of alginate materials.
Allows the user to delay pouring the model for several weeks
Sultan’s Silgimix provides a simple alternative to messy, hazardous alginate
materials .
110. RUBBER BASED IMPRESSION MATERIALS
Non-aqueous impression materials Most widely used rubber based impression
material is polyvinyl siloxane RUBBER BASED IMPRESSION MATERIALS
HYDROPHYLIC POLYVINYL SILOXANE:
HYDROPHYLIC POLYVINYL SILOXANE To improve hydrophilic properties
surfactant and hydrophilic monomer are added whose result is a truly low
contact angle. Additives also increase surface energy within the material.
NANOFILLED POYVINYL SILOXANE:
NANOFILLED POYVINYL SILOXANE Nan fillers are integrated in
polyvinylsiloxane impression material It has improved hydrophilic properties
Better flow Enhanced detail precision The newest class of elastomeric
impression materials is a vinyl-polyether hybrid material called SENN
111. ADHESIVE
NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS ADHESIVE TYPES ( based on chemistry) Acrylic
Epoxy Silicone Styrene block copolymer ADHESIVES
ACRYLIC ADHESIVES:
ACRYLIC ADHESIVES Includes the cyanoacrylate (CA)family Similar to super glues
Traditional single component types cure primarily via reaction with atmospheric
moisture.
Newer formulations employ ultraviolet and visible light cure mechanism.
cyanoacrylates are thermoplastics Recently, the introduction of truly flexible CAs
promises to open new opportunities for these versatile adhesives.
SILCONE ADHESIVES
Strong biocompatible and have very high flexibility Can be cured by radiation ,
heat and moisture
112. RECENT ADVANCES IN CERAMIC
MATERIALS
RECENT ADVANCES IN CERAMIC MATERIALS
Inceram Empress
Techcerem
Cad/Cam Procera system
Captek system CERAMIC
Inceram is supplied as one of the three core materials (1)In- ceram Spinell (2) In
cerem Alumina (3)In- ceram Zirconia
113. EMPRESS:
EMPRESS Hot pressed injection molded ceramics It utilizes the lost wax
technique ( Wohlewend and Scharer ) Advantages 1) Lack of metal 2)
Translucent ceramic core 3) High flexural strength 4) Excellent fit 5) Excellent
esthetics
TECHCEREM:
TECHCEREM A thin ( 0.1 – 1.0 ) alumina core base layer is produced using
thermal spray technique . thermal spray technique results in a density of 80
to 90%. Optimum strength and translucency are achieved by a sintering
process at 1170°C
114. CAD/CAM:
CAD/CAM CAD/CAM is being used in dental laboratory and general practice
settings. Only one CAD/CAM system is currently available for in-office chair side
use,CEREC ® 3D.
PROCERA SYSTEMS
These all-ceramic individual restorations comprise a densely sintered alumina
core. It contains 99.9% alumina and it the hardest among ceramics used It can be
used for anterior , posterior crowns ,veneers ,on lays and inlays
CAPTEK SYSTEM:
CAPTEK SYSTEM Captek is acronym for capillary casting technology An alternative
methodology for elimination of the casting process from metal-bonded crowns and
bridges
115. CEMENTS
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT:
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT GICs lack toughness GICs can be re-enforced physically
Release less amount of fluorides than conventional GICs suggested as alternatives
to amalgam or composites for posterior restorations.
HYBRID IONOMER:
HYBRID IONOMER It is resin modified GIC This material is intended to overcome the
disadvantages of conventional GICs. Addition of Polymerizable functional groups.
Improved translucency. Higher tensile strength than conventional GICs It exhibits
higher bond strength to composites NEW CEMENTS
COMPOMER:
COMPOMER This unique material has dual properties. Fluoride release is less than
conventional GICs It is mainly indicated for restoring low stress bearing areas
These materials set via a free radical polymerization reaction.
116. WAXES:
WAXES:
WAXES Dental waxes are low molecular weight esters of fatty acids derived
from natural and synthetic components such as petroleum derivatives that
soften to plastic state at a relatively low temperature.
These waxes eliminates duplicating techniques for the working models and
saves time Used for all types of metal works , crowns , bridges , implants
ADVANTAGES
Easy to use Economic Cures quickly ,excellent strength and elasticity
Odorless and stable
117. GINGIVAL RETRACTION SYSTEM
EXPASYL:
EXPASYL It is temporary gingival retraction system It is alternative to traditional gingival
retraction procedures( gingival retraction cords ) It is a painless ,fast ,reliable ,high quality
system for temporary opening of sulcus Expasyl is aluminum chloride in paste form Opening of
sulcus does not cause bleeding GINGIVAL RETRACTION SYSTEM
MAGIC FOAM CORD:
MAGIC FOAM CORD Expanding PVS material Non-haemostatic gingival retraction system
Designed for easy and fast retraction of the gingival sulcus . Syringed around the crown
preparation margins and a cap ( Comprecap ) is placed.
STAY PUT:
STAY PUT Stay-put The revolutionary retraction cord Stay put is so pliable that it stays where
you put it unique combination of softly braided retraction cord and an ultra fine copper
filament. Does not lift out of the sulcus , do not unravel no overlapping required and
impregnation.
118. DENTAL DRILLS
DENTAL DRILL:
DENTAL DRILL The dental drill is a tool used by dentists to bore through tooth
enamel Drill technology steadily improved over time, resulting in faster and more
efficient drills .
Modern dental drills can rotate at over 800,000 rpm , and generally use hard
metal alloy bits The most sophisticated dental drill has an internal cooling system,
an epicyclic speed-increasing gearbox, and fiber optic illumination.
A new method of treating cavities is known as " air- abrasive " technology Focus of
research shifted to developing alternatives to conventional drills altogether.
Another technology that may replace the dental drill is the laser.
The major attractions of these alternative devices are increased precision and a
reduction in sensations of pain and discomfort , often eliminating the need for
anaesthesia .
119. SINGLE USE DISPOSABLE DIAMOND BURS :
SINGLE USE DISPOSABLE DIAMOND BURS Fresh, fast cutting first time, every
time Freedom from maintaining and putting up with dulling used diamonds
Reasonable cost eliminates the need to recoup expense by reusing diamonds
Effective patient-to-patient infection control
120. DENTURE BASE MATERIAL
FLEXIBLE DENTURE BASE MATERIAL:
FLEXIBLE DENTURE BASE MATERIAL Valplast is a flexible denture base resin
that is ideal for partial dentures The resin is a biocompatible nylon
thermoplastic DENTURE BASE RESINS
ULTRA HIGH IMPACT HEAT-CURED DENTURE BASE :
ULTRA HIGH IMPACT HEAT-CURED DENTURE BASE Ultra high impact to resist
breakage Easily finished and polished Superior physical properties Accurate fit
Convenient 2 hour heat cure
121. MICROWAVE CURED DENTURE BASE RESIN :
MICROWAVE CURED DENTURE BASE RESIN It is handled just like conventional resins
up to the point of curing. The microwave makes curing easier then conventional
methods. Three minutes and a standard 500 watt microwave are need to cure
higher quality and more precise dentures.
FLUOROCORE:
FLUOROCORE It is Fluoride Releasing Composite Core Build-Up Material FluoroCore
Core Build-Up material uses a biocompatible urethane resin and is supplied in two
shades, blue and tooth colored. The FluoroCore Core Build-Up Material is
contraindicated for direct application to dental pulp
TANSLUCENT ESTHETIC POSTS:
TANSLUCENT ESTHETIC POSTS These have enhanced radio-opacity Superior
esthetics Outstanding strength Ability to transmit polymerizable LIGHT
