This document summarizes research on the genetics, neuroanatomy, and biochemistry underlying human behavior. It describes family, twin, and adoption studies that examine the genetic and environmental influences on behavior. It also discusses the role of the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as important neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and GABA. The brain is divided into hemispheres, lobes, and specialized areas that influence functions like language and spatial reasoning. Neurotransmitters are released at synapses and include biogenic amines, amino acids, and peptides that impact conditions like schizophrenia, mood disorders, and pain.

2. GENETICS,GENETICS,
NEUROANATOMYNEUROANATOMY
ANDAND
BIOCHEMISTRY OFBIOCHEMISTRY OF
BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR

3.  Describe family, twin and adoptionDescribe family, twin and adoption
studiesstudies
 Describe brain and behaviorDescribe brain and behavior
relationshiprelationship
 Describe the role of central andDescribe the role of central and
peripheral nervous system in behaviorperipheral nervous system in behavior
 Describe the role of importantDescribe the role of important
neurotransmitters in behaviorneurotransmitters in behavior

4. The study of Genetics involves:The study of Genetics involves:
11.. Family studiesFamily studies
2.2. Twin studiesTwin studies
3.3. Adoption studiesAdoption studies

5. The study of Genetics involves:The study of Genetics involves:
11.. Family studiesFamily studies
2.2. Twin studiesTwin studies
3.3. Adoption studiesAdoption studies

6. FAMILY STUDIESFAMILY STUDIES
Lifetime expectancy ofLifetime expectancy of
schizophrenia in the relatives ofschizophrenia in the relatives of
schizophrenicschizophrenic
RelationshipRelationship PercentagePercentage
%%
SchizophrenicSchizophrenic
ParentParent 5.65.6
Sibling 10.1Sibling 10.1
Sibling (when one parent also affected) 16.7Sibling (when one parent also affected) 16.7
ChildrenChildren 12.812.8
Children (both parents affected)Children (both parents affected) 46.346.3
Uncles/aunts/nephews/niecesUncles/aunts/nephews/nieces 2.82.8

7. TWIN STUDIESTWIN STUDIES
Probandwise concordance in schizophreniaProbandwise concordance in schizophrenia
twin studies (after Gottesman & shieldstwin studies (after Gottesman & shields
1976)1976)
MZ pairs DZ pairsMZ pairs DZ pairs
n Concordance(%)n Concordance(%) nn
Concordance(%)Concordance(%)
Kringlen (1967)Kringlen (1967) 5555 4545 9090
1515
Pollin et al (1969)Pollin et al (1969) 9595 4343 125125 99
Tienari (1968)Tienari (1968) 1616 3535
2121 1313

8. ADOPTION STUDIESADOPTION STUDIES
These studies are aimed at separatingThese studies are aimed at separating
genetic and environmental influencesgenetic and environmental influences
for particular traits in children adoptedfor particular traits in children adopted
away from their biological parents andaway from their biological parents and
raised by unrelated adoption parents.raised by unrelated adoption parents.

9. BRAIN & BEHAVIOUR-BRAIN & BEHAVIOUR-
RELATIOSHIPRELATIOSHIP
Human nervous system consists of:Human nervous system consists of:
1. Central nervous system1. Central nervous system
2. Peripheral nervous system2. Peripheral nervous system

11.  Central nervous system includes BrainCentral nervous system includes Brain
and Spinal cord.and Spinal cord.
 The peripheral nervous systemThe peripheral nervous system
consists of:consists of:
1. 1. Cranial nervesCranial nerves
2. Spinal nerves2. Spinal nerves
3. Autonomic ganglia and plexes3. Autonomic ganglia and plexes

12. Central Sulcus

13. The brain is divided into:The brain is divided into:
i.i. Two cerebral hemispheresTwo cerebral hemispheres
ii.ii. AnatomicallyAnatomically into four lobes i.e.,into four lobes i.e.,
frontal, temporal, parietal andfrontal, temporal, parietal and
occipital lobeoccipital lobe
iii.iii. HistologicallyHistologically in various neuronalin various neuronal
layerslayers
FunctionallyFunctionally into motor, sensory, otherinto motor, sensory, other
specific and association areasspecific and association areas

14. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERESCEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
a)a) The hemispheres are connected byThe hemispheres are connected by
the corpus callosum, anteriorthe corpus callosum, anterior
commissure, hippocampal commissurecommissure, hippocampal commissure
and hebenular commissure.and hebenular commissure.

15. Q.Q. Which of the following twoWhich of the following two
structural entities connect thestructural entities connect the
cerebral hemispheres?cerebral hemispheres?
a.a. Basal ganglia and anteriorBasal ganglia and anterior
commissurecommissure
b.b. Anterior commissure and reticularAnterior commissure and reticular
systemsystem
c.c. Reticular system and corpus callosumReticular system and corpus callosum
d.d. Amygdala and habenular commissureAmygdala and habenular commissure

16. b) The functions of the hemisphereb) The functions of the hemisphere
are lateralized.are lateralized.
i.i. The right or non dominantThe right or non dominant
hemisphere is associated primarilyhemisphere is associated primarily
with:with:
PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION
SPATIAL RELATIONSSPATIAL RELATIONS
BODY IMAGEBODY IMAGE
ARTISTIC ABILLITYARTISTIC ABILLITY

17. Q.Q. A 65 years old female patient hasA 65 years old female patient has
had a stroke affecting the lefthad a stroke affecting the left
hemisphere of her brain. Which ofhemisphere of her brain. Which of
the following functions is mostthe following functions is most
likely to be affected by the stroke?likely to be affected by the stroke?
a.a. PerceptionPerception
b.b. Musical abilityMusical ability
c.c. Spatial relationsSpatial relations
d.d. LanguageLanguage
e.e. Artistic abilityArtistic ability

18. ii.ii. The Left or dominant hemisphere isThe Left or dominant hemisphere is
associated with language functions inassociated with language functions in
about 96 % of right handed peopleabout 96 % of right handed people
and 70 % of left handed people.and 70 % of left handed people.

19. Neuropsychiatric Effects ofNeuropsychiatric Effects of
Brain LesionsBrain Lesions
• Location ofLocation of
LesionLesion
Frontal LobeFrontal Lobe
Temporal LobeTemporal Lobe
Parietal LobeParietal Lobe
Occipital LobeOccipital Lobe
Limbic SystemLimbic System
• Effects of LesionEffects of Lesion

20. HYPOTHALAMUS ANDHYPOTHALAMUS AND
PITUITARYPITUITARY
Hypothalamus and pituitary are involvedHypothalamus and pituitary are involved
in the regulation of:in the regulation of:
i.i. SleepSleep
ii.ii. AppetiteAppetite
iii.iii. Sexual activitySexual activity

21. iv.iv. Major endocrine regulation of theMajor endocrine regulation of the
bodybody
v.v. Body immune systemBody immune system
vi.vi. Autonomic nervous system of theAutonomic nervous system of the
body.body.

22. BIOCHEMISTRY OFBIOCHEMISTRY OF
BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR
Neurotransmission across synapsesNeurotransmission across synapses
(contact between neurons) is carried(contact between neurons) is carried
out through the release of chemicalout through the release of chemical
substances called neurotransmitters.substances called neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters can be:Neurotransmitters can be:
a.a. Biogenic aminesBiogenic amines
b. Amino acidsb. Amino acids
c. Peptidesc. Peptides

24. MOVIEMOVIE

26.  Biogenic amines include dopamine,Biogenic amines include dopamine,
nor epinephrine, serotonin, histaminenor epinephrine, serotonin, histamine
and acetylcholine.and acetylcholine.
 Dopamine is involved inDopamine is involved in
 Norepinephrine has a role inNorepinephrine has a role in
 Serotonin plays a role inSerotonin plays a role in
 Histamine is affected byHistamine is affected by
 Acetylcholine is mainly released atAcetylcholine is mainly released at

28. M
T

29. Amino Acid NeurotransmittersAmino Acid Neurotransmitters
are:are:
 Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA),Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA),
glyine and glutamateglyine and glutamate

30. NEUROPEPTIDESNEUROPEPTIDES
 Encephalins and endorphins areEncephalins and endorphins are
endogenously produced by brain andendogenously produced by brain and
are involved in relief of pain andare involved in relief of pain and
anxiety.anxiety.
 Other Neuropeptides are implicated inOther Neuropeptides are implicated in
schizophrenia, mood disorders,schizophrenia, mood disorders,
Huntington’s chorea, dementia,Huntington’s chorea, dementia,
anxiety disorders, pain conditions andanxiety disorders, pain conditions and
aggression.aggression.

31. Q.Q. The major neurotransmitterThe major neurotransmitter
implicated in both Alzheimerimplicated in both Alzheimer
disease and schizophrenia isdisease and schizophrenia is
a. Serotonina. Serotonin
b. Norepinephrineb. Norepinephrine
c. Dopaminec. Dopamine
d. Acetylcholined. Acetylcholine
e. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)e. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
f. Glutamatef. Glutamate