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Rationale of Psychological Testing
Counseling is much more than providing assistance to the clients.
What is a Psychological Test?
• A Psychological test is a standardized instrument designed to measure objectively one or
more aspects of total personality by means of samples of verbal and nonverbal responses or
by means of other behaviors. Freeman, 1965
• Psychological test refers to an objective and standardized measure of an individual’s mental
and/or behavioral characteristics.
• psychometrics n. the branch of psychology concerned with the quantification and
measurement of mental attributes, behavior, performance, and the like, as well as with the
design, analysis, and improvement of the tests, questionnaires, and other instruments used
in such measurement. (APA Dictionary of Psychology, 2nd Edition, 2015)
• Also called psychometric psychology; psychometry.
Principles of Psychological Testing
The principles of conducting psychological testing include:
• 1. Standardization: All steps including procedures in conducting psychological tests must base on consistency and under
the same environment so as to achieve the same testing performance or results from the group or individuals being
tested.
• 2. Objectivity: psychological tests scoring must be objective that is free from subjective judgments, free from all biases,
based on the fact that the same results or performance can be obtained on the test by anybody.
• 3. Test Norms: Psychological tests must have the norms that specifies the average test scope within a large group of
people where can be compare to the results of others by establishing a point of comparison or frame of reference
• 4. Reliability: Psychological tests results must be the same results that will be obtained after multiple testing
• 5. Validity: A psychological test being designed and administered must measure what it is intended to measure.
Purposes of Testing
1. Prognosis or prediction: which career choice fit a student, which candidate
should be selected, which therapy can be used,
2. Diagnosis Purpose: diagnosis of learning difficulty, diagnosis of mental
health parameters such as level of stress, adjustment etc. Diagnosis of Mental
Health problems like Depression, Anxiety etc.
3. Research Purpose: Effect of indigenous techniques, gender studies etc.
Manovaigyanik Parikshan ki Upyogita
Testing helps to
resolve real-life
problems.
Many psychologists work with
people at important decision points
in their lives: placing children in
schools, consulting in medical
situations, or advising in medical
and clinical situations.
How will you help a child whose
academic performance is suddenly
becomes a badly affected one. ?
Identifying the
problem
Psychological tests are used for
diagnosing or identifying
personality problems, dysfunction
and learning difficulties so that
appropriate remedial steps can be
taken
Predicting
Psychological tests such as aptitude
tests are used for predicting students
or clients’ future in a specific field
such as language-fluency, music,
academic specializations.
Tests are used for selecting
candidates into either vocations or
educational programs
Promoting
Tests are used to promote and
improve learning
Self Assessment
The feedbacks provided by
psychological tests are used for
self-assessment and counseling
purposes.
Research
Psychological tests results are
need for research purposes
Assessment in
Couple
Counselling
Sexological tests are used to
examine the various aspects of
discomfort, problem or
dysfunction.
Knowing about the
interests
Interest tests are used for the
assessment of a person’s or group
interests and preferences
Assessment of
Skills
Aptitude tests are used for
measuring specific abilities skills
Attitude tests are used for the
assessment of individual or group
feelings about an event, person or
object
Infants and preschool assessment are
used for the assessment of reflexes,
developmental milestone, sensory
and motor skills, language skills and
simple cognitive skills in infants and
preschool aged children ages birth to
six years of age.
Building Rapport
Personality test measures and
outcomes are useful in developing
therapeutic rapport between
counselor (therapist) and the client.
In addition, they are also useful in
creating inferences अनुमान to follow-
up with other therapeutic methods.
Testing can provide more data than observation or
interviewing alone.
• Observation in Recruitment: teaching a demonstration lesson or making a
digital presentation. Time constraints sometimes make this a less desirable
option.
• Testing provides comparative data
Testing can discover
strengths and weaknesses.
Testing can serve both individuals and groups
• In many situations, testing may be
conducted to help an individual: a
college student takes an alcohol
screening test to see if drinking has
progressed beyond experimenting”
and has become a problem; an
MMPI may be given to a middle-
aged man at repeated intervals to
see if his depression is responding
to medication.
• In USA regular evaluations for
special education students
mandated testing every three years.
Reasons for making a formal pre-counselling
assessment
Table 13.2 Reasons for making a formal pre-counselling
assessment
Establishing rapport
Making a clinical diagnosis
Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the client
Giving information
Enabling the client to feel understood
Arriving at a case formulation or plan
Giving hope
Gathering information about cultural needs and expectations
Explaining the way that therapy works; obtaining informed consent
Opportunity for the client to ask questions
Giving a taste of the treatment
Motivating the client; preventing non-attendance
Arranging for any further assessments that might be necessary (e.g.
medical)
Selecting clients for treatment
Selecting treatments or therapists for the client
Giving the client a basis for choice of whether to enter counselling
Making practical arrangements (time, place, access)
Providing data for research or audit
Psychological Assessment in counselling
The beginning of counselling is also marked by a process
of assessment.
In some places, assessment is carried out by someone
other than the eventual counsellor.
Halgin and Caron (1991) suggest a set of key questions that
counsellors and
psychotherapists should ask themselves when considering
whether to accept or
refer a prospective client:
• Does the person need therapy?
• Do I know the person?
• Am I competent to treat this client?
• What is my personal reaction to the client?
• Am I emotionally capable of treating the client?
• Does the client feel comfortable with me?
• Can the client afford treatment under my care?

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Rationale of psychological testing

  • 1. Rationale of Psychological Testing Counseling is much more than providing assistance to the clients.
  • 2. What is a Psychological Test? • A Psychological test is a standardized instrument designed to measure objectively one or more aspects of total personality by means of samples of verbal and nonverbal responses or by means of other behaviors. Freeman, 1965 • Psychological test refers to an objective and standardized measure of an individual’s mental and/or behavioral characteristics. • psychometrics n. the branch of psychology concerned with the quantification and measurement of mental attributes, behavior, performance, and the like, as well as with the design, analysis, and improvement of the tests, questionnaires, and other instruments used in such measurement. (APA Dictionary of Psychology, 2nd Edition, 2015) • Also called psychometric psychology; psychometry.
  • 3. Principles of Psychological Testing The principles of conducting psychological testing include: • 1. Standardization: All steps including procedures in conducting psychological tests must base on consistency and under the same environment so as to achieve the same testing performance or results from the group or individuals being tested. • 2. Objectivity: psychological tests scoring must be objective that is free from subjective judgments, free from all biases, based on the fact that the same results or performance can be obtained on the test by anybody. • 3. Test Norms: Psychological tests must have the norms that specifies the average test scope within a large group of people where can be compare to the results of others by establishing a point of comparison or frame of reference • 4. Reliability: Psychological tests results must be the same results that will be obtained after multiple testing • 5. Validity: A psychological test being designed and administered must measure what it is intended to measure.
  • 4. Purposes of Testing 1. Prognosis or prediction: which career choice fit a student, which candidate should be selected, which therapy can be used, 2. Diagnosis Purpose: diagnosis of learning difficulty, diagnosis of mental health parameters such as level of stress, adjustment etc. Diagnosis of Mental Health problems like Depression, Anxiety etc. 3. Research Purpose: Effect of indigenous techniques, gender studies etc.
  • 6. Testing helps to resolve real-life problems. Many psychologists work with people at important decision points in their lives: placing children in schools, consulting in medical situations, or advising in medical and clinical situations. How will you help a child whose academic performance is suddenly becomes a badly affected one. ?
  • 7. Identifying the problem Psychological tests are used for diagnosing or identifying personality problems, dysfunction and learning difficulties so that appropriate remedial steps can be taken
  • 8. Predicting Psychological tests such as aptitude tests are used for predicting students or clients’ future in a specific field such as language-fluency, music, academic specializations. Tests are used for selecting candidates into either vocations or educational programs
  • 9. Promoting Tests are used to promote and improve learning
  • 10. Self Assessment The feedbacks provided by psychological tests are used for self-assessment and counseling purposes.
  • 11. Research Psychological tests results are need for research purposes
  • 12. Assessment in Couple Counselling Sexological tests are used to examine the various aspects of discomfort, problem or dysfunction.
  • 13. Knowing about the interests Interest tests are used for the assessment of a person’s or group interests and preferences
  • 14. Assessment of Skills Aptitude tests are used for measuring specific abilities skills Attitude tests are used for the assessment of individual or group feelings about an event, person or object
  • 15. Infants and preschool assessment are used for the assessment of reflexes, developmental milestone, sensory and motor skills, language skills and simple cognitive skills in infants and preschool aged children ages birth to six years of age.
  • 16. Building Rapport Personality test measures and outcomes are useful in developing therapeutic rapport between counselor (therapist) and the client. In addition, they are also useful in creating inferences अनुमान to follow- up with other therapeutic methods.
  • 17. Testing can provide more data than observation or interviewing alone. • Observation in Recruitment: teaching a demonstration lesson or making a digital presentation. Time constraints sometimes make this a less desirable option. • Testing provides comparative data
  • 19. Testing can serve both individuals and groups • In many situations, testing may be conducted to help an individual: a college student takes an alcohol screening test to see if drinking has progressed beyond experimenting” and has become a problem; an MMPI may be given to a middle- aged man at repeated intervals to see if his depression is responding to medication. • In USA regular evaluations for special education students mandated testing every three years.
  • 20. Reasons for making a formal pre-counselling assessment Table 13.2 Reasons for making a formal pre-counselling assessment Establishing rapport Making a clinical diagnosis Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the client Giving information Enabling the client to feel understood Arriving at a case formulation or plan Giving hope Gathering information about cultural needs and expectations Explaining the way that therapy works; obtaining informed consent Opportunity for the client to ask questions Giving a taste of the treatment Motivating the client; preventing non-attendance Arranging for any further assessments that might be necessary (e.g. medical) Selecting clients for treatment Selecting treatments or therapists for the client Giving the client a basis for choice of whether to enter counselling Making practical arrangements (time, place, access) Providing data for research or audit
  • 21. Psychological Assessment in counselling The beginning of counselling is also marked by a process of assessment. In some places, assessment is carried out by someone other than the eventual counsellor. Halgin and Caron (1991) suggest a set of key questions that counsellors and psychotherapists should ask themselves when considering whether to accept or refer a prospective client: • Does the person need therapy? • Do I know the person? • Am I competent to treat this client? • What is my personal reaction to the client? • Am I emotionally capable of treating the client? • Does the client feel comfortable with me? • Can the client afford treatment under my care?