A Theoretical Perception of Gravity from the Quantum to the Relativity

The Planetary Science Journal (PSJ), Volume 2, Issue 1, Feb 29, 2020, pp.11-40
The American Astronomical Society (AAS) and The Division for Planetary Sciences (DPS)

A Theoretical Perception of Gravity from the Quantum to the Relativity
P.S.Jagadeesh Kumar1
, Thomas Binford2
, J.Nedumaan3
Abstract
The general idea behind this article is to originate a unified theory of gravity from the quantum
to the relativity. In order to better understand the theory of quantum and the theory of gravity, the
authors had proposed two basic principles and philosophies of gravitation each alongside five
fundamental laws and three additional laws of gravitation. The principles, the philosophies and
the laws anticipated in this paper forms the basis in understanding the entire unification intend
from the Newton‟s law of gravitation to the Einstein‟s theory of relativity i.e. from the
gravitation as an agent to the space-time curvature.
1. Introduction
Gravity also known as gravitation is one of the four fundamental forces that govern the universe,
alongside electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces. A force is defined as an
interaction that changes an object‟s motion, and so these four forces underpin all of physics and
define how everything in the universe interacts, from the vast cosmic interplay of galaxies to the
tight bonds that bind quarks inside a proton or neutron. Gravity is the weakest of these forces,
but it‟s the one we‟ve been aware of for longest. For centuries, we knew that our feet are kept on
the ground and the planets are kept in orbit around the Sun. Even before gravity was described,
17th century astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler had formulated accurate laws to
predict the motions of the planets. Indelicately, no one had any clue why the planets are orbiting
in the first place (Galileo Galilei et al. 1632).
Gravity holds your feet down to the ground because the mass of the planet exerts a gravitational
pull on the mass of your body. In fact, gravity stirs up an attraction between any two objects in
the universe: moons, dust motes, coyotes. Wherever you find matter, you'll find gravity. You
1
Corresponding author dr.psjkumar@yahoo.com
1, 2, 3
Stanford University, California, CA 94305, United States
This work is carried out in association with the Stanford and the NASA, USA

could never travel to a gravity-free planet, only one with greater or lesser mass resulting in
greater or lesser gravity. On a larger scale, gravity arranges cosmic bodies into orbits and even
causes drifting space particles to pull together slowly into larger clumps that eventually become
planets, stars and galaxies. Back in the 1600s, Isaac Newton defined gravity as universal force
acting on all matter. According to his theory, the exact expression of gravity came down to mass
and distance. The farther apart two particles are and the less massive they are, the less the
gravitational force. That's Newton's law of universal gravitation in a nutshell, and it stood
unchallenged for three centuries. Then, in the 1900s, a wild-haired physicist by the name of
Albert Einstein stepped in the ring and let fly with his general theory of relativity.
Einstein argued that gravity was far more than just a force; it was a curve in the fourth dimension
of space and time. Given sufficient mass, an object can cause an otherwise straight beam of light
to curve. Astronomers call this effect gravitational lensing, and it's one of the primary methods of
detecting unobservable cosmic phenomena such as black holes. Similarly, the less gravity there
is, the faster time passes, a phenomenon known as gravitational time dilation. For instance, a
clock aboard an orbiting satellite advances slightly faster than a counterpart on Earth's surface.
While Einstein's theory brought gravity up to speed with modern science, we still don't know
everything about gravity. Some scientists attribute gravity to hypothetical particles called
gravitons, which in theory cause objects to be attracted to one another. Finally, there's the field of
quantum gravity, in which scientists attempt to reconcile general relativity with quantum theory.
Quantum theory reports how the universe works at the smallest subatomic levels. The field has
helped scientists develop the standard model of particle physics, which details most of the inner
workings of the universe with one notable exception. The standard model doesn't explain gravity.
While quantum theory and relativity together explain most of the visible universe, they also
contradict each other at times, such as in the study of black holes or the early universe. Not
surprisingly, many scientists continue to work toward a unified theory. Whatever theories we
ultimately adopt, it's difficult to overstate the importance of gravity. It's the glue that holds the
cosmos together, even if it still stirs up unanswered questions about the universe. Mass is
important because of two major factors affecting how things move in space: inertia and gravity.
The more mass something has, the more of both it experiences. That is why heavy things (things
with a lot of mass) are hard to move (Isaac Newton et al.1687).

2. Theory of Gravity
Gravity is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center. The force of
gravity keeps all of the planets in orbit around the sun. Why do you land on the ground when you
jump up instead of floating off into space? Why do things fall down when you throw them or
drop them? The answer is gravity: an invisible force that pulls objects toward each other. Earth's
gravity is what keeps you on the ground and what make things fall. Anything that has mass also
has gravity. Objects with more mass have more gravity. Gravity also gets weaker with distance.
So, the closer objects are to each other, the stronger their gravitational pull is. Earth's gravity
comes from all its mass. All its mass makes a combined gravitational pull on all the mass in your
body. That's what gives you weight. And if you were on a planet with less mass than Earth, you
would weigh less than you do here. You exert the same gravitational force on Earth that it does
on you. But because Earth is so much more massive than you, your force doesn„t really have an
effect on our planet. Gravity is what holds the planets in orbit around the sun and what keeps the
moon in orbit around Earth. The gravitational pull of the moon pulls the seas towards it, causing
the ocean tides. Gravity creates stars and planets by pulling together the material from which
they are made (James Clerk Maxwell et al. 1873).
Gravity not only pulls on mass but also on light. Albert Einstein discovered this principle. If you
shine a flashlight upwards, the light will grow gradually redder as gravity pulls it. You can't see
the change with your eyes, but scientists can measure it. Black holes pack so much mass into
such a small volume that their gravity is strong enough to keep anything, even light, from
escaping. A black hole is an area of such immense gravity that nothing, not even light can escape
from it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform
space-time to form a black hole. When we talk about how Earth and the other planets travel
around the Sun, we say they orbit the Sun. Likewise, the moon orbits Earth. Many artificial
satellites also orbit Earth. Satellites can orbit Earth's equator or go over Earth's north and south
poles or anything in between. They orbit at a low altitude of just a few hundred miles above
Earth's surface or thousands of miles out in space. Gravity is very important to us. We could not
live on Earth without it. The sun's gravity keeps Earth in orbit around it, keeping us at a
comfortable distance to enjoy the sun's light and warmth. It holds down our atmosphere and the
air we need to breath. Gravity is what holds our world together. However, the gravity is not the

same everywhere on Earth. Gravity is slightly stronger over places with more mass underground
than over places with less mass. Gravity is also proportional to how much mass each thing has.
The bigger an object is, the larger the gravitational pull it exerts. Because of gravity and inertia,
the more massive something is, the harder it is to get into space, the harder it is to keep it there,
and the harder it is to move it where you want it to go when it is there (Michelson et al. 1887).
Of the universe's fundamental forces, only one dominates every moment of our conscious
experience: gravity. It keeps us close to the ground, drags baseballs and basketballs out of the air
and gives our muscles something to struggle against. Cosmically, gravity is just as consequential.
From collapsing hydrogen clouds into stars to gluing galaxies together, gravity represents one of
just a few players that determine the broad strokes of the universe's evolution. In some ways, the
story of gravity is also the story of physics, with some of the field's biggest names finding fame
by defining the force that ruled their lives. But even after more than 400 years of study, the
enigmatic force still lies at the heart of some of the discipline's greatest mysteries. Today,
scientists know of four forces, things that attract (or repel) one object to (or from) another. The
strong force and the weak force operate only inside the centers of atoms. The electromagnetic
force rules objects with excess charge (like electrons, protons, and socks shuffling over a fuzzy
carpet), and gravity steers objects with mass. The first three forces largely escaped humanity's
notice until recent centuries, but people have long speculated about gravity, which acts on
everything, from raindrops to cannonballs. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers observed that
objects naturally moved toward the ground, but it would take a flash of insight from Isaac
Newton to elevate gravity from an inscrutable tendency of objects to a measurable and
predictable phenomenon. Newton's leap, which became public in his 1687 treatise Philosophiæ
Naturalis Principia Mathematica, was to realize that every object in the universe from a grain of
sand to the largest stars pulled on every other object. Doubling the mass of one object makes its
pull twice as strong, he determined, and bringing two objects twice as close quadruples their
mutual tug. Newton packaged these ideas into his universal law of gravitation. Newton's
description of gravity was accurate enough to detect the existence of Neptune in the mid-1800s,
before anyone could see it, but Newton's law isn't perfect. In the 1800's, astronomers noticed that
the ellipse traced by Mercury's orbit was moving more quickly around the sun than Newton's
theory predicted it should, suggesting a slight mismatch between his law and the laws of nature.
The puzzle was eventually resolved by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, published in

1915. Before Einstein published his groundbreaking theory, physicists knew how to calculate a
planet's gravitational pull, but their understanding of why gravity behaved in such a way had
advanced little beyond that of the ancient philosophers. These scientists understood that all
objects attract all others with an instantaneous and infinitely far-reaching force, as Newton had
postulated, and many Einstein-era physicists were content to leave it at that. While working on
his theory of special relativity, Einstein had determined that nothing could travel instantly, and
the pull of gravity should be no exception. For centuries, physicists treated space as an empty
framework against which events played out. It was absolute, unchanging and didn't, in any
physical sense, really exist. General relativity promoted space, and time as well, from a static
backdrop to a substance somewhat akin to the air in a room. Einstein held that space and time
together made up the fabric of the universe and that this "space-time" material could stretch,
compress, twist and turn, dragging everything in it along for the ride (Joseph Larmor et al. 1897).
Einstein suggested that the shape of space-time is what gives rise to the force we experience as
gravity. A concentration of mass (or energy) such as the Earth or sun, bends space around it, like
a rock bends the flow of a river. When other objects move nearby, they follow the curvature of
space, as a leaf might follow an eddy around the rock (although this metaphor isn't perfect
because, at least in the case of planets orbiting the sun, space-time isn't "flowing"). We see
planets orbit and apples fall because they're following paths through the distorted shape of the
universe. In everyday situations, those trajectories match the force Newton's law predicts.
Einstein's field equations of general relativity, a collection of formulas that illustrate how matter
and energy warp space-time, gained acceptance when they successfully predicted the changes in
Mercury's orbit, as well as the bending of starlight around the sun during a 1919 solar eclipse.
The modern description of gravity so accurately predicts how masses interact that it has become
a guide for cosmic discoveries. Yet general relativity's string of experimental successes gloss
over what many physicists see as a fatal theoretical failure: It describes a classical space-time,
but the universe ultimately appears to be quantum, or made up of particles (or "quanta") such as
quarks and electrons. The classical notion of space (and gravity) as one smooth fabric clashes
with the quantum picture of the universe as a collection of sharp little pieces. How to extend the
reigning Standard Model of particle physics, which spans all known particles as well as the other
three fundamental forces (electromagnetism, the weak force, and the strong force), to cover
space and gravity at the particle level remains one of the deepest mysteries in modern physics.

3. Quantum Theory of Gravity
Gravity was the first fundamental force that humanity recognized, yet it remains the least
understood. Physicists can predict the influence of gravity on bowling balls, stars and planets
with exquisite accuracy, but no one knows how the force interacts with minute particles, or
quanta. The nearly century-long search for a theory of quantum gravity, a description of how the
force works for the universe's smallest pieces is driven by the simple expectation that one
gravitational rulebook should govern all galaxies, quarks and everything in between. If there is
no theory of quantum gravity, then the universe is just chaos. It's just random; it would be
chaotic or random because those are actually legitimate physical processes. Quantum gravity is
an overall term for theories that attempt to unify gravity with the other fundamental forces of
physics (which are already unified together). It generally posits a theoretical entity, a graviton,
which is a virtual particle that mediates the gravitational force. This is what distinguishes
quantum gravity from certain other unified field theories, although, in fairness, some theories
that are classified as quantum gravity don't necessarily require a graviton (James et al. 2012).
At the heart of the thorniest problem in theoretical physics lies a clash amid the field's two
greatest triumphs. Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity replaced Isaac Newton's notion of
simple attraction between objects with a description of matter or energy bending space and time
around it, and nearby objects following those curved paths, acting as if they were attracted to one
another. In Einstein's equations, gravity is the shape of space itself. His theory kept the
traditional description of a smooth, classical universe, one where you can always zoom in further
to a smaller patch of space. General relativity continues to ace every test astrophysicists throw at
it, including situations Einstein never could have imagined. But most experts expect Einstein's
theory to fall short someday, because the universe ultimately appears bumpy, not smooth. Planets
and stars are really collections of atoms, which, in turn, are made up of electrons and bundles of
quarks. Those particles hang together or break apart by swapping other types of particles, giving
rise to forces of attraction and repulsion. Electric and magnetic forces come from objects
exchanging particles known as virtual photons. For example, the force sticking a magnet to the
fridge can be described as a smooth, classical magnetic field, but the field's fine details depend
on the quantum particles that create it. Of the universe's four fundamental forces (gravity,
electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces), only gravity lacks the "quantum"

description. As a result, no one knows for sure (although there are plenty of ideas) where
gravitational fields come from or how individual particles act inside them (Hawking et al. 2009).
The problem is that even though gravity keeps us stuck to the ground and generally acts as a
force, general relativity suggests it's something the shape of space itself. Other quantum theories
treat space as a flat backdrop for measuring how far and fast particles fly. Ignoring the curvature
of space for particles works because gravity is so much weaker than the other forces that space
looks flat when zoomed in on something as small as an electron. The effects of gravity and the
curvature of space are relatively obvious at more zoomed-out levels, like planets and stars. But
when physicists try to calculate the curvature of space around an electron, slight as it may be, the
math becomes impossible. In the late 1940s physicists settled a technique, called
renormalization, for dealing with the vagaries of quantum mechanics, which allow an electron to
spice up a boring trip in an infinite variety of ways. It may, for instance, shoot off a photon. That
photon can split into an electron and its antimatter twin, the positron. Those pairs can then shoot
off more photons, which can split into more twins, and so on. While a perfect calculation would
require counting up the infinite variety of electron road trips, renormalization let physicists
gather the unruly possibilities into a few measurable numbers, like the electron charge and mass.
They couldn't predict these values, but they could plug in results from experiments and use them
to make other predictions, like where the electron is going (Hendrik Lorentz et al. 1904).
Renormalization stops working when theoretical gravity particles, called gravitons, enter the
scene. Gravitons also have their own energy, which creates more warping of space and more
gravitons, which create more warping, and more gravitons, and so on, generally resulting in a
giant mathematical mess. Even when physicists try to pile some of the infinities together to
measure experimentally, they end up drowning in an infinite number of piles. It effectively
means that you need an infinite number of experiments to determine anything and that's not a
realistic theory. In practice, this failure to deal with curvature around particles grows fatal in
situations where lots of mass and energy twist space so tightly that even electrons and their ilk
can't help but take notice such as the case with black holes. But any particles very near or worse,
inside the pits of space-time certainly know the rules of engagement, even if physicists don't.
Nature has found a way to make black holes exist. Now it is up to us to find out what nature
knows and we do not yet (Henri Poincaré et al. 1905).

Using an approximation of general relativity, physicists have developed a notion of what
gravitons might look like, but no one expects to see one anytime soon. One thought experiment
suggests it would take 100 years of experimentation by a particle collider as heavy as Jupiter to
detect one. So, in the meantime, theorists are rethinking the nature of the universe's most
fundamental elements. One theory, known as loop quantum gravity, aims to resolve the conflict
between particles and space-time by breaking up space and time into little bits, an ultimate
resolution beyond which no zooming can take place. String theory, another popular framework,
takes a different approach and swaps out particles for fiber-like strings, which behave better
mathematically than their point-like counterparts. This simple change has complex
consequences, but one nice feature is that gravity just falls out of the math. Even if Einstein had
never developed general relativity, physicists would have stumbled upon it later through string
theory. The search for the full theory of quantum gravity has been stymied by the fact that
gravity„s quantum properties never seem to manifest in actual experience. Physicists never get to
see how Einstein„s description of the smooth space-time continuum, or Bronstein„s quantum
approximation of it when it„s weakly curved, goes wrong (Albert Einstein et al. 1905).
The problem is gravity„s great weakness. Whereas the quantized particles that convey the strong,
weak and electromagnetic forces are so powerful that they tightly bind matter into atoms, and
can be studied in tabletop experiments, gravitons are individually so weak that laboratories have
no hope of detecting them. To distinguish a graviton with high probability, a particle detector
would have to be so enormous and massive that it would collapse into a black hole. This
weakness is why it takes an astronomical accumulation of mass to gravitationally influence other
massive bodies, and why we only see gravity writ large. Not only that, but the universe appears
to be governed by a kind of cosmic censorship: Regions of extreme gravity where space-time
curves so sharply that Einstein„s equations malfunction and the true, quantum nature of gravity
and space-time must be revealed always hide behind the horizons of black holes. Even a few
years ago it was a generic consensus that, most likely, it„s not even conceivably possible to
measure quantization of the gravitational field in any way. Quantum gravity is so invisible that
some researchers have questioned whether it even exists. Certainly, gravity is special in some
ways, and there„s much to figure out about the origin of space and time, but quantum mechanics
must be involved. It doesn„t really make much sense to try to have a theory in which the rest of
physics is quantum and gravity is classical (S. Hawking et al. 2003).

4. PSJ Kumar Principle of Gravitation
In the earlier sections a lot were exemplified about gravitation. But what was so embracing is
that the theory of gravity and the theory of quantum remain at odds. The very every effort to
unify them has failed miserably. This section tries bringing in some fundamental necessaries in
looking into the universe from a new and practical viewpoint. The authors here have made every
effort to form some basic in understanding the universe from quantum to reality. Quantum
mechanics and the general theory of relativity form the bedrock of the current understanding of
physics; hitherto the two theories don't seem to work together. Physical phenomena are
contingent on relationship of motion between the observed and the observer. Certain rules hold
true across types of observed objects and those observing, but those rules tend to break down at
the quantum level, where subatomic particles behave in strange ways. Here, we have tried to rule
out the strong version of event formalism; however a modified model remains challenging.
Below are enumerated two novel principles of gravitation namely the 'PSJ Kumar Principle of
Universal Theory' and the 'PSJ Kumar Principle of Bilateral Theory'
Principle 1: (PSJ Kumar Principle of Universal Theory)
"With the decreasing temperature and the mass, equated to other universal forces, gravitational
force is the weakest however with the increasing temperature and the mass, equated to other
universal forces, gravitational force is the strongest"
Principle 2: (PSJ Kumar Principle of Bilateral Theory)
"From the quantum to the relativity everything is bilateral, the force is either materialistic or
nonmaterialistic and the object is either a material or an immaterial"
Before getting into the explanation of the two principles, it is important to understand the
difference amid the universal forces. The weak and strong forces are effective only over a very
short range and dominate only at the level of subatomic particles. Gravity and Electromagnetic
force have infinite range. The strong nuclear force interaction is very strong but very short-
ranged. It is responsible for holding the nuclei of atoms together. It is basically attractive but can
be effectively repulsive in some circumstances. The strong force is „carried‟ by particles called
gluons; that is, when two particles interact through the strong force, they do so by exchanging
gluons. Thus, the quarks inside of the protons and neutrons are bound together by the exchange

of the strong nuclear force. While they are close together the quarks experience little force, but as
they separate the force between them grows rapidly, pulling them back together. To separate two
quarks completely would require far more energy than any possible particle accelerator could
provide. The weak nuclear force is responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions. It
has a very short range. As its name indicates, it is very weak. The weak force causes Beta-decay
i.e. the conversion of a neutron into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino. The
electromagnetic force causes electric and magnetic effects such as the repulsion between like
electrical charges or the interaction of bar magnets. It is long-ranged but much weaker than the
strong force. It can be attractive or repulsive and acts only between pieces of matter carrying an
electrical charge. Electricity, magnetism, and light are all produced by this force. The
gravitational force is weak but very long-ranged. Furthermore, it is always attractive. It acts
between any two pieces of matter in the Universe since mass is its source (Hawking et al. 2004).
There is speculation, that in the very early Universe when temperatures were very high (the
Planck Scale) all four forces were unified into a single force. Then, as the temperature dropped,
gravitation separated first and then the other 3 forces separated. Even then, the weak,
electromagnetic, and strong forces were unified into a single force. When the temperature
dropped these forces got separated from each other, with the strong force separating first and
then at a still lower temperature the electromagnetic and weak forces separating to leave us with
the 4 distinct forces that we see in our present Universe. The process of the forces separating
from each other is called spontaneous symmetry breaking. The weak and electromagnetic
interactions have been unified under the Standard Electroweak Theory, or sometimes just the
Standard Model. Grand unification theories (GUTs) attempt to treat both strong and electroweak
interactions under the same mathematical structure. Theories that add gravity to the mix and try
to unify all four fundamental forces into a single force are called Superunified Theories. Grand
Unified and Superunified Theories remain theoretical speculations that are as yet unproven, but
there is strong experimental evidence for the unification of the electromagnetic and weak
interactions in the Standard Electroweak Theory. Furthermore, although GUTs are not proven
experimentally, there is strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that theory at least like a Grand
Unified Theory is required to make sense of the Universe (Albert Einstein et al. 1904).

Now let us begin with the first principle i.e. with the decreasing temperature and the mass,
equated to other universal forces (electromagnetism, the strong and weak nuclear forces),
gravitational force is the weakest however with the increasing temperature and the mass, equated
to other universal forces, gravitational force is the strongest. From the theory of evolution of the
universe, it is evident that gravity stands separated from the other universal forces at the
decreasing temperature and mass ascertaining it does not have much aspect to composite in the
presence of other universal forces. As a special case with the increasing temperature and mass
(Black Holes), gravity is considerably the strongest force and even light can‟t escape it. To be
more precise and practical, gravity is the weakest force among the other universal forces and is
left apart due to the expanding universe and decreasing temperature. Owing to its standalone
nature, the first principle holds at the rock bottom of unification theories, proving gravity can
never be aligned with the other forces even today and in the days to come as the cosmos is
expanding rapidly and linearly. Consequently, the gravity and the other universal forces are
inside out proportional.
Catching up with the second principle i.e. from the quantum to the relativity everything is
bilateral, the force is either materialistic or nonmaterialistic and the object is either a material or
an immaterial. Fundamentally, every larger object is made up of the minute particles. Every
universal force is either materialistic or nonmaterialistic say let it be gravity, electromagnetism,
the strong and weak nuclear forces. To push an object or to pull an object, i.e. to put an object in
its state of motion or in its state of rest, the applied force need to be materialistic (an agent) as
described by Newton or the applied force need to be nonmaterialistic (space-time curve) as
described by Einstein. But according to the proposed second principle, the applied force shall be
bilateral (both materialistic and nonmaterialistic). Again, the objects need to be a material as
described by both Newton and Einstein in their respective theories. But according to the
proposed second principle, the object shall be bilateral (both a material and an immaterial). The
bilateral theory is more efficient in postulating the behavior of the larger objects and the minute
particles for every universal force. To make it very clear and precise, the gravity from the
quantum to the relativity follows the unified theories as the case of unity in diversity and not as
the case of the theory of everything.

5. PSJ Kumar Philosophy of Gravitation
By this time, it should be very astonishing that the space-time curvature of gravity is only a
temporary description and not the continuum theory of gravity. Moreover, Einstein never had a
clue about the expansion of universe else he might have had the fifth dimension curve instead of
the space-time curve. What should be fundamentally clear is that a force is a force; its intensity
varies from object to object, from place to place and from time to time. The ultimate aim of this
section is to correlate the other universal forces and the universal objects with respect to the
gravity by the proposed novel philosophies of gravity.
Philosophy 1: (PSJ Kumar Philosophy of Gravity)
i) Among two or more universal objects (like Sun, Star, Planets, etc.), the gravity is the
materialistic force.
ii) Among one or more universal objects and many other material or immaterial objects
(like Human, Tree, fluid, quanta, etc.), the gravity is the nonmaterialistic force.
iii) The universal objects are in turn the material objects (including every objects with mass
greater than zero i.e. m > 0) and their quanta particles are in turn the immaterial objects
(including every minute particles with mass lesser than or equal to zero i.e. m ≤ 0).
Philosophy 2: (PSJ Kumar Philosophy of Antigravity)
"The gravity is both materialistic and nonmaterialistic stable force that can only cause the pull
and the antigravity is both materialistic and nonmaterialistic instable force that can only cause
the resistance"
The greatest difficulty in understanding between the gravity and other universal force is the size
of the object and the medium of the applied force. In other universal forces, the size of the object
is negligibly negligible and the applied force needs a medium. Consequently, the gravity again
standalone, the object of impact is neither negligible nor the force imparted needs a medium.
Comparing an atom to a planet does not make the best sense but comparing two planets and
comparing two atoms might make a better sense. The proposed novel philosophies of gravity
deals with this phenomenon and finally relates them as the case might be, from the bigger to the
smaller or from the smaller to the bigger. The proposed first philosophy of gravity holds three
straight forward attributes. The first attribute exemplifies that the attraction between two or more
universal objects (like Sun, Star, Planets, etc.) is termed as the materialistic force. The second

attribute typifies that the attraction between one or more universal objects and every material or
immaterial objects (like Human, Tree, fluid, quanta, etc.) is termed as the nonmaterialistic force.
The third attribute contemplates that the every universal object is a material object (including
objects with mass greater than zero i.e. m > 0) and their quanta particles is an immaterial object
including every minute particles with mass lesser than or equal to zero i.e. m ≤ 0.
The proposed second philosophy postulates that the gravity is both materialistic and
nonmaterialistic stable force. According to newton, for every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction. This law stands for all universal objects but not otherwise i.e. this law is
absolute for objects with mass 'm' > 0 and not otherwise. When minute particles are concerned
i.e. with objects of mass 'm' ≤ 0, they do not cause an equal and opposite force but can only cause
the instable resistance. With respect to the gravity, this instable materialistic and nonmaterialistic
resistance is termed as the 'Antigravity'. A materialistic or nonmaterialistic force is said to be
stable, when disturbed by other material or immaterial object, after the occurrence of the
disturbance, that object follows the same stable force. A materialistic or nonmaterialistic force is
said to be instable, when disturbed by other material or immaterial object, after the occurrence of
the disturbance, that object does not follow the same stable force. According to the proposed
second philosophy, gravity is a stable force and antigravity is an instable force because instable
force dilutes at some point of time but stable force does not dilute from one time to another time.
The aforementioned principles and philosophies laid down the foundation in framing the
necessary laws in the forthcoming section.
6. PSJ Kumar Laws of Gravitation
The essential aspect to poster is that the universe expands from its inside to the outside and the
vice versa is not feasible. In a much precise manner, the evolution of the universe is from the
atomic and the subatomic particles to the stars and the planets. In Einstein‟s general theory of
relativity, the entire conception of the universe is in the reverse that is from the outside to the
inside. Consider when all the universal forces acts at once on a material or an immaterial object,
what force will be of the ultimate priority? Yes, you are absolutely correct; it is the nuclear
forces say it strong or weak. The next priority will be the electromagnetism and the least priority
will be the gravity as it is medium free. Unless otherwise, the theories are postulated from

quantum to relativity its unification will not worth the effort. Both Newton and Einstein failed to
approach from quantum to relativity rather their approach was from relativity to quantum. As
mentioned in the beginning of this section the vice versa is not feasible at any point of time. The
authors have framed certain simple and fundamental laws for any feasible quantum to relativity
theories.
Main Law 1: (PSJ Kumar Law of Gravitational Variance)
"Any object on the surface of any planet will experience the same gravity but every object in the
atmosphere of any planet will not experience the same gravity"
It is a known fact that gravity vary from place to place on any planet‟s surface say earth for the
following reasons;
 It fluctuates depending upon your distance from the center of Earth.
 Earth is not exactly spherical, but is Oblate Spheroid. It is to some extent bulging out at
Equatorial regions and slightly flat at Polar Regions. Hereafter, you should experience
slightly greater gravity at north/south poles than at the equator.
 It also depends upon masses of the two bodies. As mass of Earth is constant, it depends
upon your mass. If mass of your body is more, you will experience a stronger gravity
(which means it will be harder for you to jump).
Again, the gravity varies on any planet‟s atmosphere say earth for the following reasons;
 It depends upon your distance from some mass. For example, if you are near to a
planet/star, the gravity experienced by you will be greater than if you‟re not in the
vicinity of a planet/star.
 It also depends on your mass. If you have a greater mass, you will experience more
gravity.
To be exact, gravity hinge on two entities. It is directly proportional to the product of masses of
the two bodies. It is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two bodies.
Hence these factors are to be considered for understanding intensity of gravitational force at any
location. Thus, the force of gravity on an object is smaller at the equator compared to the poles.
This effect unaccompanied causes the gravitational acceleration to be about 0.18% less at the
equator than at the poles. Subsequently, the rotation of the Earth causes an apparent centrifugal
force which points away from the axis of rotation, and this force can reduce the apparent

gravitational force (although it doesn't actually affect the attraction between two masses). The
centrifugal force points directly opposite the gravitational force at the equator, and is zero at the
poles. Together, the centrifugal effect and the center of mass distance reduce g by about 0.53% at
the equator compared to the poles. The following equation can be used to calculate g at certain
latitude, accounting for all of these effects:
( ) ( )
Again, the above equation can be used to find the apparent value of g at a location in the United
States or in Argentina. (To get the gravitational force, also called weight, multiply g by the mass
of the object) That equation is assumed at sea level, but to account for the effect of altitude when
to fly up in a plane the following additional equation can be used:
( )
is the Earth's mean radius (6,371.0088 km)
is the standard gravitational acceleration (9.80665 m/s2
)
The effect of changes in altitude due to actual elevation of the land is more complicated, because
in addition to rising you farther from the center of the Earth the land also provide an additional
source of gravity. Whether the local g goes up or down with surface altitude depends on how
dense the Earth's crust is in that area.
But the statement of the law is in complete reverse. The gravity so far what we have discussed
above is for object with greater mass, both on the surface of any planet and/or in the atmosphere
of any planet. But what about any minute particle say with null or zero mass. The entire capacity
of our understanding gets the vice versa.

Let us observe in depth; Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics relating to the very small
or minute particles and the theory of relativity is in accordance with the large objects like the sun
and the earth. In the interest to frame a law that governs the large objects and the minute
particles, a constant known as the "TISA" Constant of Gravitational Variance 'T' is used to define
the relation of mass with respect to its resultant gravity.
G α M1 * M2 * T1 T2
G α [1/(d)2
] T1 T2
Where G is the resultant gravity experienced by any two objects on the surface of any planet
and/or in the atmosphere of any planet, M1 is mass of the large object and M2 is mass of the
minute particle say null, d is the distance between two objects, T is the 'TISA Constant of
Gravitational Variance' with orientation to their position on the surface of any planet and/or in
the atmosphere of any planet say the latitude at the poles T1 and at the equator T2. But the
resultant gravity would be zero with respect to their mass and the resultant gravity would be
undefined or an infinity with respect to their distance (assuming d=0). Thus, undoubtedly
proving the PSJ Kumar Law of Gravitational Variance for quantum to relativity in any case, the
universe greatest problem should be solved at their simplest level.
Main Law 2: (PSJ Kumar Law of Rest)
"No object will persist in its state of rest in the complete absence of gravity"
According to Newton‟s First Law of Motion published by Sir Isaac Newton in the 17th century,
“a body remains in the state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless and until an
external force acts on it”. Putting Newton‟s first law of motion in simple words, a body will not
start moving until and unless an external force acts on it. Once it is set in motion, it will not stop
or change its velocity until and unless some force acts upon it once more. The first law of motion
is sometimes also known as the law of inertia. There are two conditions on which the first law of
motion is dependent:
 Objects at Rest: When an object is at rest velocity (v= 0) and acceleration (a = 0) are
zero. Therefore, the object continues to be at rest.

 Objects in motion: When an object is in motion, velocity is not equal to zero (v ≠ 0)
while acceleration (a = 0) is equal to zero. Thus, the object will continue to be in
motion with constant velocity and in the same direction.
An external force is defined as the change in the mechanical energy that is either the kinetic
energy or the potential energy in an object. These forces are caused by external agents. Examples
of external forces are friction, normal force and air resistance. What is inertia? Inertia is the
resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity. This includes changes to the
object's speed, or direction of motion. An aspect of this property is the tendency of objects to
keep moving in a straight line at a constant speed, when no forces act upon them.
In the first place, gravitational force is reserved to be a universal force or an agent according to
Newton or as the space-time curvature according to Einstein. In any case, both Newton and
Einstein believed any object to be at their state of rest when no force acts on them. But in the
entire space more or less gravity exists and obviously, a force with its only objective to pull
objects into it. The case might be true for relatively large objects but not for quantum study. The
entire milky way is not only contained with large objects like the stars but minute particles.
In accomplishment with PSJ Kumar Law of Gravitational Variance, the gravity experienced by
any object from quantum to relativity in any incomplete vacuum should be negligibly negligible.
Hence, no more force acting upon it in any incomplete vacuum including gravitation and should
be purely believed that the object should be in rest according to Newton. But the expanding
cosmos or expanding universe thoroughly demonstrates that both Newton and Einstein were
wrong fundamentally since no object from quantum to relativity persists in its state of rest in the
complete absence of gravity should be the basic understanding.

Main Law 3: (PSJ Kumar Law of Backward and Forward Time Dilation)
"Backward time dilation or forward time dilation is hard owing to the linearly accelerating
conception around space-time curvature of the universe"
Time dilation, in the theory of special relativity, the “slowing down” of a clock as determined by
an observer who is in relative motion with respect to that clock. In special relativity, an observer
in inertial motion has a well-defined means of determining which events occur simultaneously
with a given event. A second inertial observer, who is in relative motion with respect to the first,
however, will disagree with the first observer regarding which events are simultaneous with that
given event. (Neither observer is wrong in this determination; rather, their disagreement merely
reflects the fact that simultaneity is an observer-dependent notion in special relativity.) A notion
of simultaneity is required in order to make a comparison of the rates of clocks carried by the
two observers. If the first observer‟s notion of simultaneity is used, it is found that the second
observer‟s clock runs slower than the first observer‟s by a factor of Square root of √(1 − v2/c2),
where v is the relative velocity of the observers and c equals 299,792 km (186,282 miles) per
second i.e., the speed of light. Correspondingly, using the second observer‟s notion of
simultaneity, it is found that the first observer‟s clock runs slower by the same factor. Thus, each
inertial observer determines that all clocks in motion relative to that observer run slower than
that observer‟s own clock. A closely related phenomenon predicted by special relativity is the so-
called twin paradox. Suppose one of two twins carrying a clock departs on a rocket ship from the
other twin, an inertial observer, at a certain time, and they rejoin at a later time. In accordance
with the time-dilation effect, the elapsed time on the clock of the twin on the rocket ship will be
smaller than that of the inertial observer twin i.e., the non-inertial twin will have aged less than
the inertial observer twin when they rejoin.
The time-dilation effect predicted by special relativity has been precisely confirmed by
observations of the increased lifetime of unstable elementary particles traveling at nearly the
speed of light. The clock paradox effect also has been substantiated by experiments comparing
the elapsed time of an atomic clock on Earth with that of an atomic clock flown in an airplane.
The latter experiments, also, have confirmed a gravitational contribution to time dilation, as
predicted by the theory of general relativity. One of the things about light is that no matter what
frame of reference you‟re in, no matter how you‟re moving through the Universe, you‟ll always
measure the speed of light in a vacuum to be the same. And in order to do that, if you are moving

relative to me, or if I‟m moving relative to you, our references for time and space have to shift to
keep the speed of light constant. As I move faster away from you, my time according to you has
to appear to slow down. On the same hand, your time will appear to slow down relative to me.
And that time dilation effect is necessary to keep the speed of light constant.
Time dilation doesn‟t just occur because of relative motion, it can also occur because of gravity.
Einstein‟s theory of relativity says that gravity is a property of the warping of space and time. So
when you have a mass like Earth, it actually warps space and time. If you‟re standing on the
Earth, your time appears to move a little bit more slowly than someone up in space, because of
the difference in gravity. Now, for Earth, that doesn‟t really matter that much, but for something
like a black hole, it could matter a great deal. As you get closer and closer to a black hole, your
time will appear to slow down more and more and more. In many times in science fiction, you‟ll
see the idea of a rocket moving very close to the speed of light, and using time dilation to travel
to distant stars. But you could actually do the same thing with gravity. If you had a black hole
that was going out to another star or another galaxy, you could actually take your spaceship and
orbit it very close to the black hole. And your time would seem to slow down. While you‟re
orbiting the black hole, the black hole would take its time to get to another star or another galaxy,
and for you it would seem really quick.
Time travel is the concept of movement between certain points in time, analogous to movement
between different points in space by an object or a person, typically with the use of a
hypothetical device known as a time machine. Time travel is a widely recognized concept in
philosophy and fiction. It is uncertain if time travel to the past is physically possible. Forward
time travel, outside the usual sense of the perception of time, is an extensively observed
phenomenon and well-understood within the agenda of special relativity and general relativity.
However, making one body advance or delay more than a few milliseconds compared to another
body is not feasible with current technology. As for backward time travel, that is, Backward
Time Dilation is not possible to find solutions in practical general relativity theory. PSJ Kumar
Law of Backward and Forward Time Dilation can be open-minded with the help of "Nedumaan
Hypothesis". Higher dimensional spaces have since become one of the foundations for formally
expressing modern mathematics and physics. Large parts of these subjects could not exist in their
current forms without the practice of such spaces. Nedumaan Hypothesis of space-time uses such
a 4D space. The below figure displays the linearly accelerating universe around space-time.

A linear equation (that is, one whose degree in the variables is 1) shows a plane in 3D, and a
hyperplane in 4D of the space (x,y,z) and the time (t). A line in „n‟ dimensions is given as the
intersection of n-1 of these, so doesn't have a single equation, but a set of n-1 simultaneous
equation. For example, the x-axis has the equations y = 0, z = 0, in the three-dimensional
Cartesian xyz-coordinate system. Vectors can be useful, since the equation of a plane
perpendicular to the vector (a,b,c) in 3-space is (a,b,c).(x,y,z) = d, where "." means dot-product.
Then a vector along a line in n-space is one that is perpendicular to n-1 vectors, that is, whose
dot product with two given constant vectors is zero. Thus the equations of a line take the form:
X.V(1) = D(1),
X.V(2) = D(2),
:
X.V(n-1) = D(n-1).
Here X and each V(i) are n-long vectors. The components of X are the n variables, and each V(i)
is a constant vector. These can be consolidated into a matrix form X.V = D, where V is an n-by-
(n-1) rectangular matrix whose columns are V(1), ..., V(n-1), and D is an (n-1)-long vector
whose components are D(1), ..., D(n-1). The space-time equation in 4D can be written with the
help of 'Nedumaan Hypothesis' using a hyperplane. A hyperplane is a higher-dimensional
generalization of lines and planes. The equation of a hyperplane is w · x + b = 0, where w is a
vector normal to the hyperplane and b is an offset. Note that we can multiply by any constant and
preserve the equality; if we multiply by 1/║w║, we get a new equation ŵ · x + b′ = 0, where ŵ =
w/║w║ is the unit normal vector and b′ = b/║w║ is the distance from the hyperplane to the
origin. For any vector x we can compute y = w · x + b. If y= 0, then x is on the hyperplane. If y
>0, then x is on one side of the hyperplane, and if y <0, then x is on the other side of the
hyperplane. This will be useful when we are developing linear classifiers. Accordingly, the
'Nedumaan Hypothesis' of the space time in 4D is given by f (x,y,z,t);

( )
Where is the time dilation which is always less than 1, i.e. the value of time dilation lies
between 0 and 1, neither less than zero nor greater than one, in lieu of its linearity. Both back
time dilation and forward time dilation is not possible for any physical object with either larger
mass or zero mass, declaring that backward or forward time dilation is hard owing to the linearly
accelerating insight around space-time curvature of the universe. Nedumaan Hypothesis stands
valid for both quantum theory and relativity theory of back time dilation due to the difference in
gravity, that is “from the computer to the universe everything is in the binary form” including
practical mathematics stating that anything that ends undefined is not well defined; in order to let
know the humankind, the integral that “the universe is linearly stable and nonlinearly unstable”.
Up till now, permitting to the fact of 'Nedumaan Hypothesis', the universe is expanding in a
linear integral manner with its lower limit as 0 and its upper limit as 1.
Main Law 4: (PSJ Kumar Law of Minimum and Maximum Gravitation)
"The gravity of any planet never ends at any given space rather the object has reached beyond
the maximum gravitational force experienced by that object on the surface of that planet and the
minimum gravitational force experienced by that object in the atmosphere of that planet"
Sir Isaac Newton formulated his insight into a mathematical equation, known today as the law of
universal gravitation. When combined with knowledge of geometry and Newton‟s other
equations of motion, we can use it to make predictions about the movement of the planets, or the
paths of comets, or how much force is needed to get a rocket to the moon. We acknowledge
Newton not just because of his idea, but because he framed that idea into an equation that made
predictions with greater accuracy than ever before. But it wasn‟t impeccable, Newton‟s equations
produced some unseemly predictions, and, more importantly, he didn‟t describe how gravity
works the way it does. Newton was well aware of this when he said, "Gravity must be caused by
an agent acting constantly according to certain laws; but whether this agent be material or
immaterial, is not here to the consideration of the readers".
In accomplishment with PSJ Kumar Law of Gravitational Variance, the gravity experienced by
any object from quantum to relativity in any incomplete vacuum should be negligibly negligible.
In other ways, gravity as an agent or as the universal constant force, in either way can be

explained with the 'Lepika Concept of Maxima and Minima'. Relating gravity from every minute
particle to the every largest object in the universe should be the highest consideration to explain
the law of universal gravitation in which both the legends Newton and Einstein were not
successful.
PSJ Kumar Law of Minimum and Maximum Gravitation should help in this regard with the
insight of 'Lepika Concept of Maxima and Minima'. Accordingly, whether gravitation be
materialistic or nonmaterialistic force (i.e. a stable physical force or a stable natural force) acting
on any material or immaterial object (i.e. object with larger mass or minute particle with zero
mass) should be governed amid the maximum gravitation experienced by the object on the
surface of that planet (Maxima) to the minimum gravitation experienced by the object in the
atmosphere of that planet (Minima). From the practical understanding to the theoretical
mathematics, 'Lepika Concept of Maxima and Minima' is given by;
(Maxima)
(Minima)
∫
where F is the materialistic or nonmaterialistic stable force, P is the material or immaterial
object, GMax [surface] is the maximum gravitation experienced by the object on the surface of
that planet, GMin [atmosphere] is the minimum gravitation experienced by the object in the
atmosphere of that planet, dt is with respect to any given time, M1 and M2 is the mass of the
object in the Maxima and the Minima orientation in 4D respectively and T is the Tisa Constant
of Gravitational Variance. The mathematical inference of 'Lepika Concept of Maxima and
Minima' considerably declares that the gravity of any planet never ends at any given space rather
the object has reached beyond the maximum gravitational force experienced on the surface of
that planet to that of the minimum gravitational force experienced in the atmosphere of that

planet. PSJ Kumar Law of Minimum and Maximum Gravitation assimilate the practical and
theoretical inferences of the 'Nedumaan Hypothesis' in accordance with ‘Tisa Constant of
Gravitational Variance’.
Main Law 5: (PSJ Kumar Law of Motion)
"For every direction of motion there is an equal and opposite direction of motion irrespective of
the gravitational force inhibited and exhibited"
Friction and gravity exist in every aspect of a person‟s life. For example, almost every movement
you make, such as walking and running, involves friction. When you throw a ball up, gravity
causes the ball to fall down. A person sliding a book across a table creates friction. However,
differences between gravity and friction also exist. Force affects gravity and friction in different
ways. Resistance defines friction. Friction consists of the resistance of one object in relation to
another object with which it is in contact. Thus, friction is the force that opposes sliding motion,
explains the Cornell Center for Materials Research. An example of friction involves removing a
stain from clothing. You place detergent on a stained shirt, and then repeatedly slide part of the
shirt against the stained section. The friction eliminates the stain from the shirt. Gravity is simply
defined as what goes up must come down. Gravity is the natural force exerted between two
objects, drawing them toward each other. Therefore, instead of an object such as an apple thrown
in the air staying there or floating, it falls down. Weight is extremely important to gravity.
Gravity always exerts a force equal to the weight of the object it is acting on. A cup remains on a
table because the upward force of the table is equal to the weight of the cup, causing it to stay in
place. Pull affects gravity and friction in different ways. Gravity always pulls objects such as a
desk, book or person down. Thus, when you jump, gravity causes you to land on the ground.
Friction, yet, doesn‟t pull objects down. In fact, unlike gravity, friction doesn‟t rely on a natural
force. Instead friction occurs when something like a machine or individual pulls a sliding object
in the opposite direction of another object. For example, when creating friction to start a fire, you
repeatedly pull one stick up and the other down. Also, friction always acts parallel to the surface
in contact because of the sliding action.
Air resistance takes place between the air that surrounds an object and the surface of a falling
object. As an object begins to move faster, air resistance or drag increases. Drag means the
amount of air resistance impacting an object when it is moving. Drag occurs when air pulls on

moving objects. When the air is denser, this slows down the movement of objects because the
object has to shove aside heavier molecules. When this type of air resistance occurs, it is referred
to as drag. A good example is when you hold your hand outside the window of a moving car.
The force of gravity is referred to as the weight of the object. When an object falls in the air,
before the object reaches terminal velocity, gravity has more of an impact on the object then does
air resistance. If air resistance were the larger of the two forces, falling objects would float and
never fall to the ground. When a skydiver pulls the rip cord, air resistance is the larger factor for
a short period of time, until the diver reaches terminal velocity before hitting the ground.
On the other hand, a falling object is going to run into some degree of air resistance. Air
resistance is the outcome of collisions between the object‟s leading surface and air molecules.
How much air resistance the object encounters depends on the speed the object is traveling and
the cross sectional area of the object. When the object is falling faster, this increases air
resistance. Fluid friction is air resistance. When a person swims, that person is displaying fluid
friction. Fluid friction occurs when something is moving through fluid. Other types of friction
include rolling friction that takes place when a rounded surface moves over a solid surface.
Sliding friction happens when a solid object moves over something else that is solid. Static
friction is the result of one solid touching another solid, but no movement takes place. PSJ
Kumar Law of Motion can be explicated with the support of "Ruby Philosophy of Illusional
Antigravity". From the overhead illustrations, the association of gravity and friction i.e. pull and
resistance should have been made clear. Imparting to the "Ruby Philosophy of Illusional
Antigravity", for every stable gravitational pull experienced by any material or immaterial
object, there exist an opposite instable gravitational pull experienced by that object in the
direction of its motion in tangible with its velocity to the speed of light; that opposite instable
gravitational pull might be caused from within that object and/or by the surrounding atmosphere
outside of that object. That opposite illusion of gravity is termed as the 'illusional antigravity'.
To be well-defined, the gravity is both materialistic and nonmaterialistic stable force that can
only cause a pull and the antigravity is both materialistic and nonmaterialistic instable force that
can only cause a resistance. To be practical the surrounding atmosphere of the earth is not the
same throughout the year and not the same throughout the surface of the earth and this is due to
the "Ruby Philosophy of Illusional Antigravity". To be much more fictional with the nature of
the science and the nature of the universe, mercury‟s odd orbit is an example for illusional

antigravity. But still, "for every direction of motion there is an equal and opposite direction of
motion irrespective of the gravitational force inhibited and exhibited”. Retrogation of the planets
might be better agreed with PSJ Kumar Law of Motion and the "Ruby Philosophy of Illusional
Antigravity".
Retrograde motion is an apparent change in the movement of the planet through the sky. It is not
real in that the planet does not physically start moving backwards in its orbit. It just appears to do
so because of the relative positions of the planet and Earth and how they are moving around the
Sun. Normally, the planets move west-to-east through the stars at night. This is referred to as
prograde motion. However, periodically the motion changes and they move east-to-west through
the stars. This is known as the retrograde motion. The retrograde motion continues for a short
time and then the motion switches back to prograde. This allegedly strange behavior is easily
understood within the context of a Sun-centered (heliocentric) solar system. The explanation for
retrograde motion in a heliocentric model is that retrograde occurs roughly when a faster moving
planet catches up to and passes a slower moving planet. Notice that it is all due to the fact that
the Earth moves faster in its orbit than does Mars. So as to that planet in its orbit and then move
beyond it, the motion appears to be an illusion cycle.
Additional Law 1: (PSJ Kumar Law of Gravity and Fluid)
"Any fluid material possesses the highest gravitational response than any physical material for
any given balanced or unbalanced mass"
Earth is known as the "Blue Planet" because 71 percent of the Earth's surface is covered with
water. Water also exists below land surface and as water vapor in the air. Water is a finite source.
The bottled water that is consumed today might possibly be the same water that once trickled
down the back of a wooly mammoth. The Earth is a closed system, meaning that very little
matter, including water, ever leaves or enters the atmosphere; the water that was here billions of
years ago is still here now. But, the Earth cleans and replenishes the water supply through the
hydrologic cycle. Gravity is the force of attraction between any two objects. Gravity is directly
proportional to the mass of the objects, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them. This means that an object that has more mass can exert more gravitational force
on another object, and the closer two objects are to one another, the greater the force of attraction
between them. Gravity is also the cause of tides. The earth‟s gravity keeps water on the planet‟s

surface. However, the moon is large enough and close enough that its gravitational force has a
noticeable effect on large bodies of water on Earth. Water on Earth in the region directly beneath
the moon is pulled by gravitational force toward the moon, creating a bulge on the surface of the
ocean. There is also a bulge on the opposite side of the earth, caused by the difference in the
moon‟s gravitational force across the earth. The ocean bulges on both the side of the earth facing
the moon and the side opposite the moon are called tidal bulges. Earth‟s land surface also bulges,
as does the moon, although not to the same extent as the ocean.
Tidal bulges are very small, seemingly insignificantly small compared to the radius of the earth.
The height of the tidal bulge in the open-ocean is less than a meter in most areas. However,
because the ocean is so vast, tidal bulges can raise a huge amount of water. The tide resulting
from the moon‟s gravitational pull is called the lunar tide. The moon moves very little around the
earth each day. During one day, the earth makes a complete rotation on its axis, while it takes the
moon almost a month to orbit around the earth. The sun also exerts a gravitational force on the
earth, producing a solar tide. Just like with the earth and the moon, water on Earth directly in line
with the sun is pulled by gravitational force toward the sun, creating a bulge of water. There is
also a bulge on the side of the earth opposite the sun. Similar to the lunar tide, as the earth rotates
through the bulge of water produced by the sun, the tide level changes from high to low and back
again. Because the earth rotates every 24 hours, solar tidal changes occur on a 24-hour schedule.
Even though the mass of the sun is much greater than the mass of the moon, the moon has a
greater influence on the tides than the sun. This is because the sun is much farther away from the
earth, so its tidal force is only about half that of the moon. Gravitational force depends on both
the mass of the objects and the distance between them (Albert Einstein et al. 1912).
Because the moon moves a little farther each day in its orbital journey around the earth, the tides
caused by the moon‟s gravity occur 50 minutes later than the tides caused by the sun‟s gravity. It
takes the moon about 29.5 days to complete its orbit around the earth. This period is called a
lunar month. The moon and the sun cause predictable, periodic changes in tidal range during a
lunar month. Therefore a lunar month is also called a tidal month. When the earth, moon, and the
sun are lined up, lunar and solar tides occur at nearly the same time and produce the largest tidal
ranges over the lunar month. They occur during the new moon, when the moon is between the
earth and the sun, or full moon, when the earth is between the moon and the sun. Extra-high and
extra-low tides occur at this time. They are called spring tides because they “jump” or “spring”

up. When the sun and moon are at a right angle (90˚) to each other, the moon is either in its first
quarter or its third quarter. In this position the solar and lunar tides tend to cancel each other out,
and a reduced tide, called a neap tide, occurs. There are two spring tides and two neap tides in a
tidal month (S.W. Hawking et al. 2016).
Additional Law 2: (PSJ Kumar Law of Work done and Time Taken against Gravity)
"The work done and the time taken by any object to move against the gravity of any planet will
be more than the work done and the time taken by any object to move towards the gravity of any
planet for a given distance, given velocity and given mass"
When an object is lifted or projected upward, work must be done beside the resistance from
gravity. In some situations, the resistance of inertia from accelerating the object and air
resistance must be taken into account. If the object is already moving upward at some initial
velocity, the work done by gravity is simply the force of gravity times the displacement,
provided the velocity is constant and small enough that air resistance is negligible. If the object is
accelerated during the lifting process, the resistance from inertia must be taken into account. If
the object is projected upward at a high velocity, air resistance must be added to the equation.
Again, it is possible to calculate the work done on a falling object by the gravitational force. We
will agree a simplifying method and start by making the assumption that air resistance is
insignificant. In fact, air resistance is negligible for many practical purposes, so our calculations
here won't be too unrealistic. If an object falls a certain distance, work will be done on it by the
gravitational force that is performing on it. This work will cause the kinetic energy of the object
to increase as it falls. It is tranquil enough to calculate the energy involved. If we take as an
example a book falling from a table onto the floor, we simply need to know the force (which is
the weight of this book) and the distance travelled in the direction of the force (which is the
height of the table). So far we have only considered objects falling under gravity. Let's now
consider the work done when we lift an object. In order to lift an object that has mass m, we have
to apply an upward force mg to overcome the downward force of gravity. Thus, if an object of
mass m is raised through a height h, the work done on the object is equal to mgh, and so this
amount of energy is transferred to the object. Of course, this ties in very well with everyday
observations. If you lift a heavy suitcase onto a luggage rack in a train, or a heavy bag of
shopping onto a table, you are very aware that you are doing work against gravity. You will also

be aware that more work is required to lift a more massive object, or the same object to a greater
height, and these 'observations' are consistent with the work done being equal to mgh. The reason
for this discrepancy is, as a force, gravity travels further and has a slower fall off.
Additional Law 3: (PSJ Kumar Law of Gravitational Constant)
"The gravity of any planet is not a constant to any object in any planet’s atmosphere"
Did gravity, the force that pins us to Earth‟s surface and holds stars together, just shift? The
latest measurement of G, the so-called constant that puts a figure on the gravitational attraction
between two objects, has come up higher than the current official value. Measurements of G are
notoriously unreliable, so the constant is in permanent flux and the official value is an average.
However, the recent deviation is particularly puzzling, as it is at once starkly different to the
official value and yet very similar to a measurement made back in 2001, not what you would
expect if the variance was due to random experimental errors. It‟s possible that both experiments
suffer from a hidden, persistent error, but the result is also prompting serious concern of a
weirder possibility: that G itself can change. That‟s a pretty radical option, but if correct, it
would take us a step closer to tackling one very big mystery, dark energy, the unknown entity
accelerating the expansion of the universe.
When trying to measure gravity, the other forces can cause systematic errors. It is akin to trying
to measure the weight of a feather, outdoors, in a slight breeze, with an old pair of scales. The
first thought would be to try to remove the other sources of error. We do this by doing several
different experiments and then averaging the results. We are not yet aware of a single perfect test
to measure the gravitational constant. Over the last century, nearly every time the gravitational
constant has been measured, we‟ve observed a different value. At first glance, you may think that
means we‟re getting closer to its true value; however, it is hard to tell. It is currently uncertain as
to whether the constant has actually been changing marginally over time or just compounding
systematic errors. Another theory is that there may be a correlation between dark energy and
gravity. Yet another theory states that the constant is always fluctuating around an average value
and that if we keep testing it over an even longer period of time, we will find the true average
value. It is nice to still have mysteries in the universe, things that we done quite understand.
Incredibly small changes in the gravitational constant can affect the rate at which stars form,

their size and how long they remain on their main sequence. Maybe we will never know for sure,
remaining one of the universes true mysteries.
Conclusion
From the complete theoretical perception about gravity, the gravitational force exhibited by any
universal object is directly proportional to its mass and its corresponding speed of rotation and
revolution in its respective orbit alongside its sun and the center of the universe. Just like a curl
in the water or wind will attract all the lighter objects into it, any object with larger mass and
higher speed of rotation and revolution will exhibit more gravitational force. This force grows
from the center of that object to its highest possible acceleration into the space. Any huge mass
of object continuously rotating with a constant velocity exhibits a stable force in its atmospheres,
causing other lighter objects attracted to its surface within its space limit. But between two
universal objects they are stranded by a particular distance due to the gravity inhibited and
exhibited amid those two objects. As the entire universe is flat, not a curve and revolving over its
center, the gravity is everywhere without the need for a medium or graviton. Gravity stands
alone from other universal forces in an inside out manner with the philosophy of unity in
diversity. Henceforth, the entire space is filled with gravity and it varies from place to place and
from time to time depending on the expansion of the universe. Gravity is considerably the
weakest force but to its maximum potential even light can‟t escape.
Acknowledgement
This research was jointly supported by Stanford University, California, United States and The
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). We thank the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) and The Encyclopedia Britannica, United Kingdom for providing necessary
insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research.
References
[1] Galileo Galilei (1632) "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems", California
Press, 1970 (with a foreword by Albert Einstein).
[2] Isaac Newton (1687) "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", California
Press, 1966.

[3] James Clerk Maxwell (1873) "Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism" Clarendon Press,
Oxford.
[4] Michelson, A.A. and Morley, E.W. (1887) "On the relative motion of the earth and the
luminiferous ether", Am. J. Science. 34, 333.
[5] Joseph Larmor (1897) "On a dynamical theory of the electric and luminiferous medium",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 190, 205.
[6] Hendrik Lorentz (1904) "Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any
velocity smaller than that of light", Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences Amsterdam,
VI, 809.
[7] Henri Poincaré (1905) "On the dynamics of the electron", Académie des Sciences, 5
June, 1504.
[8] Albert Einstein (1905) "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies", Annalen der Physik,
17, 891.
[9] Albert Einstein (1904) "Does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy content?",
Annalen der Physik, 18, 639.
[10] Albert Einstein (1912) "The theory of relativity", Safra Philanthropic Foundation and the
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[11] S.W. Hawking (2016) "Black holes: The Reith Lectures", Cambridge Press.
[12] James B.Hartle. S.W. Hawking, Thomas Hertog (2012) "Quantum Probabilities for
Inflation from Holography", Cambridge Press.
[13] S.W. Hawking (2009) "Why did the Universe Inflate?", Cambridge Press.
[14] N. Copernicus, J. Kepler, G. Galalei, I. Newton, A. Einstein, S. Hawking (2003) "On the
Shoulders of Giants", Cambridge Press.
[15] S.W. Hawking (2004) "The illustrated theory of everything: The origin and fate of the
universe", Cambridge Press.

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