Presentation covering importance of research in uk set up, highlighting research methodlogies and journal club points

1. Dr. Ch. M. Junaid Nazar
MBBS,MPH,FRSPH,MD Internal Medicine, MSC Nephrology
Nephrology Department,
Shifa International Hospital,
Pakistan.
WELCOME
TO
GENERAL CLUB

2. OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• RAPID REVIEW OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGN
• DEFINITIONS OF DIFFERENT RESEARCH METHODS
• HOW TO READ RESEARCH ARTICLE
• WEBSITES TO FIND RESEARCH ARTICLES
• LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
• ECG
• FEEDBACK FOR WEEK

3. VISION AND SUPPORT

4. THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
• ‘The Government is committed to the promotion and conduct of research as a core NHS role.
Research is vital in providing new knowledge needed to improve health outcomes and reduce
inequalities.’’(para 3.16)
• ‘‘The Government believes that outcomes will improve most rapidly when clinicians are
engaged, and creativity, research participation and professionalism are allowed to
flourish.’’(para 3.4)
• ‘‘Give patients more information on research studies that are relevant to them, and more
scope to join in if they wish’’.(page 17,box)
• ‘‘A thriving life sciences industry is critical to the ability of the NHS to deliver world class
health outcomes’’. (para.3.16)

5. NHS CONSTITUTION (2009)
• The commitment to “innovation and to the promotion and conduct of research to improve
the current and future health and care of the population” Page 1, NHS Constitution (2009)
• “Research enables the NHS to improve the current and future health of the people it
serves” Page 52, NHS Constitution (2009)

6. STRUCTURE OF THE
NIHR CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORK

7. ROLE OF THE CLINICAL RESEARCH NETWORKS
(CRNS)
• Establish and fund an excellent clinical research infrastructure
• Provide NHS Service Support Costs
• Facilitate patient participation into studies
• Provide and deploy resources for research management.

8. THREE PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS
• Why was the study done and what hypotheses were the authors testing?
• What type of study was done?
• Was this design appropriate to the broad field of research studies?

9. TYPES OF STUDIES
• Two main categories of study design
Observational
Experimental
• Study design should be driven by the research question
• Quality indicators exist for each type of study

10. • Observational studies are non-interventional
• Five major types of studies
– Cohort studies
– Case-control
– Cross-sectional
– Longitudinal surveys – Database analysis
– Case studies
• Often used in epidemiology
• Hypothesis generating

11. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
• Experimental studies are interventional
• Designed to answer a specific question
• Most common type is the Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)

13. BROAD TOPICS OF RESEARCH
• Most research studies are concerned with one or more of the following:
• therapy
• diagnosis
• screening
• prognosis
• causation

14. PREFERRED STUDY DESIGN
• therapy RCT
• diagnosis cross sectional survey
• screening cross sectional survey
• prognosis longitudinal cohort
• causation cohort or case-control

15. HOW TO STUDY A RESEARCH ARTICLE?
• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND
• RESEARCH QUESTION
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• STUDY DESIGN
• INCLUDING RESEARCH METHODOLGY,INCLUSION CRITERIA,EXCULSION
CRITERIA, TYPE OF PARTICIPANTS, TYPES OF OUTCOME, SATISTICAL ANALYSIS
AND SYNTHESIS, QUALITY ASSESSMENT.
• RESULTS
• DISCUSSION
• CONSLUSION

16. WHERE TO FIND ARTICLES?
• PUBMED
• PUBMED CENTRAL
• BMC
• MEDLINE
• EMBASE
• GOOGLE SCHOLAR
• FREE MEDICAL JOURNAL.COM
• UIVERISTY AND LIBRARY SOURCES
• UP TO DATE

17. USEFUL WEBSITES
1. British Medical Association
2. Institute of Cancer Research
3. NHS R & D DOH
4. NICE
5. MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

18. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

20. ECG TIME

21. ECG 1
• A 63 year old woman with 10 hours of chest pain and sweating

23. ACUTE ANTERIOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
• ST elevation in the anterior leads V1 - 6, I and aVL
• reciprocal ST depression in the inferior leads

24. THANK YOU