Wind energy renewable energy resources

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
(CHE-471)
Lecture # 24
Presented by:
Dr. Bilal Ahmad Zafar Amin
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Biomass Energy
Thermal Energy
Renewable
Resources
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Non-Renewable
Resources

 History of Wind energy
 Concept of Wind energy
 Global Wind power capacity
 Components and principles of Wind turbine
 Conversion equation of Wind energy
 Pros and Cons of Wind energy
 Advantages and disadvantages of onshore and offshore Windmills
 Wind energy potential of Pakistan
 Visual presentation of components and functions of Wind turbine
Lecture Outlines:
Week # 15, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources

History of Wind Energy
 Until the late nineteenth century windmills would only produce mechanical
power for their tasks such as grinding grain or pumping water.
 With the creation of electricity, windmill makers found that windmills could be
attached to a generator and used to create power for heating and lighting.
 The first windmill used to produce electric energy was created in 1888 by
Charles F. Brush.
 By the end of the nineteenth century there were over 30,000 windmills in
Europe. They were used for more than just pumping water and grinding grain,
people used them to run saw mills and other industrial plants.
 These windmills needed to produce 500 revolution per minute in order to power
a generator.

 From the 1930’s to the 70’s coal and oil were relatively inexpensive and wind
energy lost its popularity in America though windmills were used in many
other countries throughout the world
 In 1973 America was affected by the Arab oil embargo. This caused
focus to turn toward wind power.
 The U.S. Federal Wind Energy Program was established in 1974.
 By the late 1980’s it was becoming very difficult to attract funding for wind
energy because people did not believe that wind power could be strong
enough to produce the same amount of power as oil.
 Modern wind power is a strong option for alternative energy, and its rich
history proves it can be used effectively
History of Wind Energy

Wind Energy is an indirect form of solar energy which can be used continuously
unlike solar energy
Wind energy classified in two types
1.- Planetary winds
2.- Local winds
Planetary winds are cause due to greater heating of earth’s surface near the
equator as compared to solar heating near the south & north poles.
Local winds are caused due to differential heating of land & water in coastal
areas these are due to uneven heating in hills and mountains along the slopes.
Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the
earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and
vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modern
wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity.
Concept of Wind Energy

Wind energy is a form of solar energy. Wind energy (or wind power) describes the process by
which wind is used to generate electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the
wind into mechanical power. A generator can convert mechanical power into electricity.
Mechanical power can also be utilized directly for specific tasks such as pumping water.
Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, variations in the earth's
surface, and rotation of the earth. Mountains, bodies of water, and vegetation all influence
wind flow patterns. Wind turbines convert the energy in wind to electricity by rotating
propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor turns the drive shaft, which turns an electric
generator. Three key factors affect the amount of energy a turbine can harness from the wind:
wind speed, air density, and swept area.
At the end of 2019, worldwide installed wind power capacity was 623 GW. Wind-generated
electricity met nearly 4% of global electricity demand in 2015, with nearly 63 GW of new
wind power capacity installed. Wind energy was the leading source of new capacity in
Europe, the US and Canada, and the second largest in China. In Denmark, wind energy met
more than 40% of its electricity demand while Ireland, Portugal and Spain each met nearly
20%.
Wind Energy as renewable energy resource
Wind Energy basics
Global Wind Energy contribution

Wind Power Global Capacity and Annual Additions, 2009-2019
 The global wind power market expanded 19% in 2019, with around 60 GW of new capacity added to
the world’s electric grids (including more than 54 GW onshore and over 6 GW offshore).
 This was the second largest annual increase in capacity ever, and followed three consecutive years of
decline after the peak in 2015 (63.8 GW).
 Offshore wind power plays an increasingly important role in the global market, accounting for a
record one-tenth of additions in 2019.
 The year’s newly installed wind power capacity increased the global total by 10% to around 651 GW
overall (621 GW onshore and the rest offshore).

Share of wind energy in EU electricity generation, 2018-2019

Components of Wind Turbine

Principles of Wind Turbine

2. Is the rotor. The rotor provides the blades to
rotate.
4. This is brake. It’s very important to have a
brake in a wind turbine, if something is wrong or
it is going to fast. Then it will brake and stop the
wind turbine.
5. is a low-speed shaft, it goes into a big cog
wheel and this goes into a smaller cog wheel.
The small cog wheel rotates faster than the big
cog wheel.
7. This is the generator. It’s almost like a
generator in a car.
13. It’s a yaw draw, it makes the wind turbine
rotate in the wind direction.
15. Is the tower. The entrance is placed in
the bottom of the tower
A Wind Turbine Description of specific components

How does a wind turbine works?
 When wind strikes an object, it exerts a force in an attempt to move it out of
the way. Some of the winds’ energy is transferred to the object, in this case the
windmill, causing it to move.
 Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power.
This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (grinding grain or pumping
water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.
 A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make
wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity.
 The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and
makes electrical energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades
around a rotor.
 The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create
electricity. Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At
100 feet (30 meters) or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster
and less turbulent wind.
 Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or building, or
they can be connected to an electricity grid for more widespread electricity
distribution.

The total wind power is equal to the incoming kinetic energy of the wind stream.
Equation for Wind Power
Wind speed (V= m/sec)
The amount of energy in the wind varies with the cube of the wind speed, in other words, if
the wind speed doubles, there is eight times more energy in the wind (23 = 2 x 2 x 2 =
8). Small changes in wind speed have a large impact on the amount of power available
in the wind.
•Density of the air (rho = Kg/m3)
The more dense the air, the more energy received by the turbine. Air density varies with
elevation and temperature. Air is less dense at higher elevations than at sea level, and
warm air is less dense than cold air. All else being equal, turbines will produce more
power at lower elevations and in locations with cooler average temperatures.
•Swept area of the turbine (A = m2)
The larger the swept area (the size of the area through which the rotor spins), the more
power the turbine can capture from the wind. Since swept area is 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟2
, where r =
radius of the rotor, a small increase in blade length results in a larger increase in the
power available to the turbine.
Equation for Wind Power

 A regular onshore turbine last
for around 20 years
 Normally it takes about 2-3
months before the wind turbine
has paid itself back. This also
includes the energy, which were
used to produce, install,
maintain and remove the wind
turbine.
 Cheaper foundation
 Cheaper integration with
electrical-grid network
 Wind turbines are noisy
 Each one can generate the same
level of noise as a family car
travelling 70 mph
 Some people thinks that the
large towers of wind turbines
destroys the view of the
landscape
Onshore Windmills
Onshore Advantages Onshore Disadvantages

 A offshore wind turbine is stronger
than a onshore turbine. It lasts
around 25-30 years, and produces
about 50 % more energy than
a onshore turbine.
 When a strong wind blows, it
produces around 3-5 MW per
hour.
 Higher and more constant wind
speed
 More expensive to built
 More difficult to maintain
and access
Offshore Windmills
Offshore
Advantages
Offshore
Disadvantages

London Array
(World largest offshore wind farm)
Jaisalmer wind farm
(The 2nd largest onshore wind farm)
 A single 1MW windmill turbine operating at a 45% production rate
will generate about 3.9 million kW of electricity in a year. This would
be enough to meet the needs of about 500households per year.
 A wind farm will consist of anywhere from 12 to 100 of these 1MW
windmills.

 Wind is Free, and the power it
generates has been harnessed for
centuries
 Wind is a completely renewable
resource because it is something that
occurs naturally, once the means are
there; technologically and practically, it
can be harnessed constantly without
destructive effects (emissions and use of
resources) to our planet.
 Generation and maintenance costs for
turbines have decreased significantly in
recent years
 Wind power is well suited to
rural areas
 Transmission- How to get energy
from point A to point B
 Technology- Means storage and
containment of power must be
developed
 Weather- Wind power is highly
subjective not only to location but
also to climate, time of year, and
currents/weather patterns
 Noise and view disruption become
an issue with communities near
wind farms
 Endangered birds can be killed by
flying too close to wind turbines
Pros of Wind Energy Cons of Wind Energy

 The demand for energy has increased in tremendous proportions in the last few decades
in Pakistan; the same is expected to increase further in the coming years.
 The primary sources of energy available in Pakistan are oil (45%), natural gas (34%),
hydro (15%) and nuclear Power.
 The increase in cost of fossil fuel and the various environmental problems of large scale
power generation have lead to increased appreciation of the potential of electricity
generation from non-conventional sources. This has provided the planners and
economists to find out other low cost energy resources.
 Wind and Solar energies are the possible clean and low cost renewable resources
available in the country. The potential, for the use of alternative technologies, has never
been fully explored in Pakistan.
 Recently conducted survey of Wind Power Potential along coastal areas of the country
by Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), indicates that a potential exists for
harvesting wind energy using currently available technologies, especially along Sindh
coast.
Wind Energy in Pakistan

Total Area of Sindh suitable for wind farms = 9749 km2
Average Capacity Factor of this area in Sindh = 25%
Wind power potential of 18MW wind farm on 1 km2 area when Capacity is 25%
Factor is 25% = 18 x 0.25 =4 .5 MW
Gross Potential of the area corresponding to 25% Capacity
Factor = 9749 x 4.5 = 43871 MW
Exploitable Potential ( 25% of the area) ≈ 11000 MW
 Generally wind farm located in area with good winds and having a typical value of
capacity factor i.e. 25% at least are economically viable.
 A typical life of wind turbine is 20 to 25 years.
 Maintenance is required at 6 months interval.
 The returns from investments in this sector are very dependent on government policies,
both in terms of the incentives given and the taxation structure imposed on businesses.
Wind Energy Potential of Sindh - Pakistan
Wind Energy Potential of Sindh - Pakistan

Visual presentation of components of Wind turbine

Visual presentation of functions of Wind turbine

Wind energy renewable energy resources

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