Building material assignment 1

1. FLOOR PLAN FOR ADP AND THE FOYER IN FRONT OF ADP
ADP
SCALE 1:100
BUILDING MATERIALS
ASSIGNMENT 1
VENUE:
FOYER IN FRONT
OF ADP

2. TIMBER
Timber is another name for wood, whether still standing in the
form of trees or felled and turned into boards for construction.
Some people may also refer to it as lumber, or differentiate
between unprocessed wood and lumber as cut wood packaged
for commercial sale. The timber industry around the world is
huge, providing wood for a variety of products from
paper to particleboard. • Healthy. Timber is natural, hard wearing
and when maintained and kept clean it
avoids carrying dust and allergens which
promote asthma and other respiratory
problems.
• Ecological. Timber Floors are ecolog-
ically friendly. Since it is a natural re-
source, timber is both renewable and
recyclable. Timber Floors have an envi-
ronmental impact which creates 5 times
less carbon emissions than ceramic
tiles.
• Durable. Timber floors are believed to
be the most durable and low mainte-
nance floor covering of nowadays.
• Variety. There are a lot of styles, colours
and species of timber flooring available
than ever before. You can find the colour
and style of timber floor to fit your interi-
or.
• Affordable. With the correct coating for
your circumstances and regular cleaning
your timber floor finish may last for up
to 8 years before you need to consider
recoating. The cost of recoating a timber
floor is far more affordable than replac-
ing carpet which begins to look worn, in
many cases after 5 or so years.
• Easy to maintain. Maintenance of to-
day’s timber floors is easy. New technol-
ogy in stains and finishes that takes little
more than sweeping and with occasional
use of a professional timber floor clean-
ing product.
SOFTWOODS HARDWOODS
Used For Finishing Floorings Used For Finishing Floorings
Douglas Pecan
LongLeaf Pine Red Oak
Sugar Maple
• A wooden beam or board used in building a house, ship, or
other structure.
• In construction, it is a natural building material that offers
superior performance and environmental advantages.
• The use of timber as construction material is the only
chance to save the world’s forests. The use of timber is
directly linked to forest conservation and the planting of new
trees.
Advantages and sustainability
of having timber floor
Disadvantages of having
timber floor
• Timber floors require regular polishing every 3-4 years to maintain its
finish especially if it is high traffic area.
• They also require regular maintenance to prevent termite attack if your
house is located in an area which is prone for termite attack.
• Timber floor is advised against for usage in Indian kitchen and bath-
room.

3. STAIRS HAND RAILING
A handrail is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the
hand so as to provide stability or support. Handrails are
commonly used while ascending or descending stairways
and escalators in order to prevent injurious falls. Other
applications include bathroom
handrails—which help to prevent falls on slippery, wet
floors—and barres, which serve as training aids for bal-
let dancers. Handrails are typically supported by posts or
mounted directly to walls.
Consideration
When you need handrail for stairs, It is important to consid-
er all of the options. Handrails are commonly made out of
wood, steel, aluminum, and vinyl. All of these materials can
be used inside and outside.
Your choice may depend on looks, cost, functionality, ease of
installation, strength and durability.
Looks - Some people love the look of wood. They love
wood decks, rails, balusters, and handrail. However consid-
er the following. The wood and metal fusion can be a very
desirable look. Even if you have a wooden deck or porch
you may want to consider metal for your stair rail. Metal rail-
ings have several advantages over wood.
Cost - Upfront costs for wood can be considerably less than
for metal. If you upgrade from less expensive pine to oak or
another more durable type of wood those savings can quick-
ly disappear.
Functionality – There are places where wood will be easier
to use than metal and vice versa. If you are building a deck
it is much easier to install a wood perimeter railing but what
if you need a rail for a concrete slab or on concert steps.
Wood rails anchored directly to concrete often don’t work out
well. The railing remains wobbly despite your best efforts.
Size verses strength advantage - In order for wooden rail-
ings to achieve the same strength ratings as metal you must
use much thicker wood. This results in large railings that are
often unsightly and therefore, may be hard to grip. Metal
railing retains a much smaller profile that doesn’t detract as
much from the look of its surroundings.
Durability - Metal railings can be as durable or more durable
than wood railings. If properly maintained there is no reason
your metal railing wouldn’t last for decades. Wood regard-
less of how it is treated eventually cracks and warps and is
more subject to mold. Another concern is some wood rail-
ings can become give users splinters if not in frequent use.
OUTDOOR RAILINGS INDOOR RAILINGS
Types Of Railings Types Of Railings
Wrought Iron Railings
Stainless Steel Railings Modern Stainless Steel Railings
Traditional Wrought Iron Railings
Wrought iron railings are typically associated
with elegance. You will often see them on out-
side stairways near glass doors and painted
to match the pastel shades of nearby walls
and trimmings. The fabricated, hollow rods of
wrought iron railings are usually chosen for a
lighter, more delicate appearance.
If you’re looking for durability, strength, or less
frequent maintenance in your outdoor railings,
you will probably want to consider those made
of metal. They are typically used more with more
contemporary designs. Some are simple and
unadorned, while others may be pre-molded in
various designs.
For well over a century, builders and craftsmen have
relied on wrought iron to create decorative elements
like stair railings for the home. This hefty material
offers superior strength and durability, allowing it to
last for many years when properly maintained. Typi-
cally finished in black, wrought iron stair railings may
also have a decorative finish, giving them a shimmery
silver or gold hue.
This blend of steel and chromium resists rust and
corrosion, making it appropriate for both indoor and
outdoor use. When used indoors, stainless steel rails
help to complement the look of stainless steel appli-
ances or metal furnishings. They are often combined
with glass panels for a spacious, modern style, though
stainless steel rails were also common in art deco de-
signs. This material may have a muted satin surface
or highly polished mirror finish.

4. TILES
A thin, flat or convex slab of hard material such as baked
clay or plastic, laid in rows to
cover walls, floors, and roofs. Alternatively, tiles sometimes
are refer to units that are made from lightweight materials
such as wood, and mineral wool, typically used for walling
and ceiling. Tiles are also material for construction. It can
range from simple square tiles to complex mosaic.
Tiles are manufactured by hard-wearing material such as
ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass. For floor tiles, it is
often made of ceramic or stone. For tiling stone, it is typi-
cally marble, onyx, granite of slate.
Ingredient Of Making Tiles
• Mining
• Blending and Mixing
• Pressing
• Glazing
• Firing
FLOOR TILES
Types Of Floor Tiles
Natural Stones Tiles
It is beautiful but less uniform in colour and pat-
tern. Some stone tiles such as polished granite,
marble, and travertine are very slippery when
wet. Stone tiles with a riven (split) surface such
as slate or with a sawn and then sandblasted or
honed surface will be more slip-resistant.
Rubber Tiles
Rubber floor tiles have a variety of uses, both in
residential and commercial settings. They are
especially useful in situations where it is desired
to have high-traction floors or protection for an
easily breakable floor.
Plastic Tiles
Can be installed without adhesive or glue. It is
suitable to wet areas, heavy traffic, and floors
that are subject to movement, damp or contam-
ination from oil. It is common used in old factory
floors, garages, gyms and sports complexes,
schools and shops.
Ceramic Tiles
Ceramic tiles are thin slab of clay or other inor-
ganic materials. It is hardened by oven firing and
coated with some kind of glaze. It is suggested
to use in bathroom and kitchen because it does
not harbor germ and easy to clean.
Pros And Cons Of Ceramic Tiles
Pros
• Low maintenance requirement.
• Good water resistance.
• Glazed ceramic tiles can protect the floor
from damage and grout.
• High durability and versatility.
• Easy installation.
• Low cost.
Cons
• Cold surface of the tile because of its nature.
• Furniture may slide due to the slickness of
ceramic tiles.

5. CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water,
aggregate, and cement. Often, additives and reinforcements
(such as rebar) are included in the mixture to achieve the
desired physical properties of the finished material. When
these ingredients are mixed together, they form a fluid mass
that is easily molded into shape. Over time, the cement
forms a hard matrix which binds the rest of the ingredients
together into a durable stone-like material with many uses.
Maintenance Of Concrete Floor
1. When ModernCrete completes your floor, make sure that
you wait at least 3 days before allowing water to touch the
floor – this gives the sealer/stain protectant time to cure.
2. If covering your floor to protect it, never apply tape or tape
anything to the floor.
3. Daily dust mopping removes the fine dust and grit that
can act as sandpaper grinding away the floor finish. The
best results can be obtained by using a Micro-Fiber Dust
Mop.
4. To clean a polished floor, use water and a cleaner made
for polished concrete or a Neutral P.H. all-purpose clean-
er. Either one is available from any Janitorial supply
house. (NOTE: Always use clean water for your mop
bucket. Follow the dilution recommendations for your
cleaner. Too much cleaner or dirty water will create a
haze on the floor.)
5. DO NOT USE ANY DEGREASER OR ACID BASED
CLEANERS. Please check the label on the cleaning
agent to confirm the product’s ingredients. These clean-
ers will etch the concrete and significantly reduce the
gloss. (Examples of degreasers NOT TO USE: Pine-Sol,
Mop-N-Glow, Lysol, Orange-Glow, etc.
6. When using a buffer or auto scrubber only use a very soft
bristle brush, white pad or beige pad. All other color pads
will result in a decrease of gloss.
7. Do not wax a polished floor. Polished concrete is a low
maintenance floor. Applying wax to the floor unnecessar-
ily adds to its maintenance. Waxing a polished concrete
floor voids all warranties.
Sustainability Of Concrete Floor
1. Step 1 – Floor Mats. Stopping dirt or mud from entering
your house is the starting point for protecting floors. Out-
door Scraper Mats at each entrance take off debris such
as mud, small pebbles, etc. that stick to the bottom of
shoes and can severely scratch flooring. Indoor mats at
each doorway help stop dust and moisture on shoes from
reaching floors.
2. Step 2 – Floor Protectors. Be sure to apply floor pro-
tectors to all furniture, such as chairs, couches, etc. to
protect your floor from dents, scratches and rust stains,
as well as reduce noise. Felt protectors are available in
several styles. Stick-on protectors work well for lighter
furniture that doesn’t get moved a lot, while tap-in pro-
tectors will work better for furniture that does get shifted
around. Slip-on protectors are for metal legs and Grippers
for furniture that you want to stay in place.
3. Step 3 – Dust Mopping. Dust mopping is an essential
step in all floor maintenance and needs to be done rou-
tinely. Dust mopping removes the sand, silt and clay that
will abrade, scratch and grind away floor seals and finish-
es if left unattended.
4. Step 4 – Damp Mopping. Now that you have gotten the
dust off the floor, it’s time to mop. The Flat Mop System is
growing in popularity and has proven to be a great sys-
tem for concrete flooring. Available in 18” or 24” widths,
Flat Mops make mopping easy with machine-washable
microfiber mop covers.
5. Step 5 – Refinishing. When concrete floors are done,
a floor finish is applied to protect the sealer as well as to
add shine. This “top coat” will need to be reapplied de-
pending on the amount of traffic on your floors; generally
this needs to be done once or twice a year. The Cleaning
House recommends Thoroughbred, a 23 percent solid
floor finish. This high performance floor finish is ready
to use and adds protection and shine to concrete floors.
Thoroughbred is easily applied with a Nylofoam applica-
tor.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Durability: Concrete flooring
is extremely tough and resil-
ient, and is able to withstand
the pressure from very heavy
equipment such as cars,
trucks, forklifts, and stacked
crates. That is why it is such
a popular material for hard
working commercial areas
such as garages and ware-
houses.
2. Easy to Maintain: Keeping a
concrete floor looking its best
will only require a minimum
amount of maintenance. It will
need to be sealed or waxed
every 3-9 months depending
on the level of traffic in order
to maintain the protective
layer over its surface. Other
then that you can use a neu-
tral cleaning agent to mop the
floor clean periodically.
1. Hardness: The strength and
durability of this material can
also be a liability. The surface
of a concrete floor is very
hard. If you trip and fall on
one then you are probably
going to hurt yourself. Items
dropped on these surfaces
are also more likely to shatter
or crack. That is why these
floors are not recommended
for areas which will be fre-
quented by children or elderly
people.
2. Uncomfortable: The hard-
ness of concrete also makes
it uncomfortable to stand on
for long periods of time. Con-
crete doesn’t yield, and if you
are forced to stand on it for
an extended period your feet
wills feel the fury of its stoic
stony demeanor.

6. ALUMINIUM
Aluminum is a relatively soft, silvery white metal with a dull
lustre that is caused by a thin coating of aluminum oxide. It is
the world’s most abundant metal and is the third most
common element, comprising 8% of the earth’s crust. The
versatility of aluminium makes it the most widely used metal
after steel.
Properties of Aluminium
Low density and therefore low weight, high strength, superior
malleability, easy machining, excellent corrosion resistance
and good
thermal and electrical conductivity are amongst aluminium’s
most important properties. Aluminium is also very easy to
recycle, is a non-magnetic
material and zero toxicity.
USAGE OF ALUMINIUM
In HouseHold
This metallic element is used for door knobs, window
frames and kitchen utensils. The element is applied in
kettles, saucepans, toasters and refrigerators. It is also
used in indoor and outdoor furniture. Some sports equip-
ment like golf clubs and tennis balls also use it.
In Construction
Aluminum is necessary in construction. The metal
is used in practically all elements: skylights, building
bridges, shutters, ladders and railings. The element is
present in rods, doors, stampings, wiring, bars, tubing,
sheets, pipes, casting and scraps. Aluminum is applied
in a wide array of industrial applications. Staircases are
sometimes made of aluminum too. The metallic element
is found in many buildings. They are low maintenance.
The light weight is also used for gutters.
A layer of insulated aluminum cladding is as efficient as
stones or bricks. Aluminum can be painted and joined
with other materials. This can be used to change the
looks of edifices. Carpenters and builders prefer alumi-
num because it is versatile. It can be cut, bonded, weld-
ed, tapered and curved in various shapes.
Pros And Cons Of Aluminium
Pros
One of the biggest advantages of aluminum is that it’s very
light but still strong. It’s durable and doesn’t require much
maintenance, especially with a factory-baked or anodized
finish. If you have windows with unusual shapes, you might
consider aluminum because it can easily be manipulated into
the shape you need.
Cons
The great problem with aluminum is that it doesn’t hold heat in
well. The thermal conductance of aluminum is high. Thus
aluminum windows may not work well in cold climates.
Condensation or even frost forms inside the windows and can
present a variety of problems.
You can improve the problem by using non-conductive
material between the two panes. The break between the two
panes needs to be at least 1/4-inch thick. There has to be a
complete break between interior and exterior aluminum parts;
otherwise a thermal bridge will be established, and you will lose
heat.
Usage Of Aluminium
Aluminium Frame Sliding Door
Aluminium Frame Window
SUSTAINABILITY FOR ALUMINIUM
Aluminum combine with other metals such as boron,
copper, lithium, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin,
and zinc to make aluminum alloys (an alloy is a metal
mixed together with other elements to make a new ma-
terial with improved properties—it might be stronger or it
might melt at a higher temperature).

7. Glass
The major ingredient of glass is sand (silicon dioxide). Sand
is mixed with soda ash (sodium hydroxide or sodium carbon-
ate), lime, and small amounts of alumina, potassium oxide,
and various elements to control color, then heated to form
glass. The nished material, while seemingly crystalline and
convincingly solid, is actually a supercooled liquid, for it has
no melting point and open, noncrystalline microstructure.
When drawn into small bers, glass is stronger than steel,
though not clearly as stiff. In larger pieces, the microscopic
imperfections that are an inherent characteristics of glass
reduce its useful strength to signi cantly lower levels,
particularly in tension. When a suface of a sheet of glass
is placed in sufficient tension, as happens when an object
strikes the glass, crack propagate from an imperfection near
the point of maximum tension and the glass shatters
Double Glazed Glass
Insulated glazing more commonly known as
double glazing is double or triple glass win-
dow panes separated by a vacuum or oth-
er gas filled space to reduce heat transfer
across a part of the building envelope.
Insulated glass units are manufactured with
glass in range of thickness from 3 mm to 10
mm (1/8” to 3/8”) or more in special applica-
tions. Laminated or tempered glass may also
be used as part of the construction. Most
units are manufactured with the same thick-
ness of glass used on both panes but special
applications such as acoustic attenuation or
security may require wide ranges of thick-
nesses to be incorporated in the same unit.
Advantages
• Heat loss through single glazing will be at
least halved with double glazed units
• Draughts through windows caused by
sinking cooled air will be less with double
glazed unit
• Rooms will be warmer with double glazed
unit
• Outside noise can be reduced with double
glazed unit
• Increase the saleability of the property
with double glazed unit
Disadvantages
• Can’t be repaired : The space between
the two panes of glass traps air , forming
a layer of insulation . If the seal isn’t air-
tight , condensation will appear between
the panes .Once sealed , the panes can’t
be pulled apart and repaired. The window
will have to be replaced
• Trap heat : During the winter months , the
heat trapping benefit is an advantage , but
during the summer months , trapping heat
inside can lead to a stuffy and uncomfort-
able room .Many homeowners tint the
windows to block the heat , but this added
feature will costs extra
• Not a good match for older homes :
Double glazed windows are modern look-
ing , so they can clash with older styles
. And if a homeowner decides not to re-
place every windows with double glazed
windows , the overall appearance of the
home will look mismatched .
Types Of Glass
Laminated Glass
Laminated glass is made by sandwiching a transparent
polyvinyl butyral interlayer between sheets of glass and
bonding the three layers together under heat and pres-
sure and is not as strong as annealed glass of the same
thickness.
Fire-Rated Glass
Fire-rated glass in fire-doors, fire-windows and fire-resis-
tance rated walls must maintain its integrity as a barrier
to the passage of smoke and flames even after it has
been exposed for a period of time. Some tempered or
laminated glass products can achieve test ratings of up
to 20 minutes of fire-resistance.