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Spondylitis TB .pptx
1. Presenter : dr. Adam Firsyada & dr. Ledy Kumala Devi
Pengampu : dr. AndhikaYudistira, SpOT (K)
2. TB: Oldest recognized disease of mandkind
Known as ”Yakshma”, mention in RigVeda & AtharvaVeda
(3500-1800 BC) and Samhita of Charaka & Sushruta (1000 & 600
BC), India
Pott’s disease: destruction of disc space and the adjacent
vertebral bodies, collapse of spinal element and progressive
kyphotic deformity.
Robert Koch: Discovered MycobacteriumTuberculosis in 1882
3. Bone and joint involvement develops in approximately 10% of
patients withTB
The spine is the most common site of skeletal tuberculous,
50% of all musculoskeletalTB
Tuberculous involvement of the spine has the potential for
serious morbidity, including permanent neurologic deficits
and severe deformity (10-47%)
Medical treatment or combined medical and surgical
strategies can control the disease in most patients
4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
0,2-0,5 µ in diameter, 2-4 µ in
length
Have mycolic acid in its cell wall
Aerobic, non-spore forming, non-
motile, slow growing, divide every
16-20 hours)
Die with heat, UV light
AFB with Ziehl-Neelsen
8. Any musculoskeletalTB is the result of a hematogenous
dissemination from a primarily infected visceral focus.
Bone and jointTB (including spine) is said to develop generally 2-3
years after the primary focus.
In spondylitisTB, infection may spread directly from the visceral
lesions to the vertebral column through the Batson’s plexus of
paravertebral veins
7% spinalTB had “skipped lesions” in the vertebral column and
12% had involvement of extra vertebral bone involvement
20% had involvement of viscera organs
40% subclinical active lesions present
9.
10. 1. CentralType & Skipped lesion
Spread of infection along Batson’s
perivertebral plexus
2. Paradiscal lesion & vertebral lesion ass
with extra spinal skeletalTB
Spread by way of arteries
3. Anterior type
Spread by extension of an abscess beneath
the ALL and the periosteum
4. AtypicalType
At Posterior column of the spine
11.
12.
13.
14. Most common during 1st 3 decades
Equally between males and females
15.
16. Active stage
Constitutional Symptoms & Signs Specific Symptoms & Signs
Malaise Stiffness & Painful on movement
Loss of weight/ appetite Localized kyphotic deformity
Night sweats Tender on percussion
Evening rise of temperature Spasm of the paravertebral muscles
Night cries
Cold abscess
Enlarge Lymph nodes
Neurologic deficit
17. Healed stage
Constitutional Symptoms & Signs Specific Symptoms & Signs
Malaise Stiffness & Painful on movement
Loss of weight/ appetite regain weight Localized kyphotic deformity
Night sweats Tender on percussion
Evening rise of temperature Spasm of the paravertebral muscles
Night cries
Cold abscess +/-
Enlarge Lymph nodes
Neurologic deficit +/-
18. Seen in 20% cases
Cervical spine: along triangles of neck/ axilla along brachial
plexus, retropharynx
Dorsal/Thoracic Spine: Paravertebral regions/ chest wall via
intercostal spaces
Thoraco-Lumbar spine:Tracks along psoas sheath, may
present in:
Iliac fossa
Lumbar triangle (Petit triangle)
Upper part of the thigh - knee
19.
20. X-RAY
AP :
▪ NARROWING DISC SPACE
▪ FUSIFORM SHADOW
(PARAVERT ABSCESS)
LATERAL :
▪ KYPHOTIC DEFORMITY
▪ LOSS BODY HEIGHTVERT
BODY
▪ END PLATE IRREGULAR
▪ NARROWING DISC SPACE
21. CT-SCAN :
Calcification of soft
tissue abscess
Posterior element
Osteolytic lesion
MRI :
Central necrosis
(abscess)
Inhomogen
appearance
22. Average involvement of vertebra: 2,5-3,8 vertebra
Difficult to recognized radiologically(X-ray) in its early stages.
Mainly 4 sites:
Paradiscal
Central
Anterior
Appendicial + Synovial
23. The most common type of lesion
Disc space narrowing present before the appearance of
osseous destructive changes
Disc space narrowing caused by:
Atrophy of the disc tissue due to lack of nutrition (more common in
pediatric patients)
Prolapse of the nucleus pulposus into the soft necrotic vertebral
bodies (more common in adults)
Foci in vertebral body < 1,5 cm are not seen in X-ray, must be
30%-40% of bone mineral loss to show radiolucent lesion on
X-ray, CT-scan may detected foci earlier
If detected, patient already had infection for 3-5 months
24.
25.
26. Infection starts in center of vertebra
body
Reaches there through –Batson’s plexus
Diseased body looses trabeculations in
central portion, shows destruction/
radiolucent lesion
Vertebral body may expand then
Concentric collaps Vertebra plana /
“pancake”/ :coin on edge vertebra”
Minimal disc space reduction
28. Begin at anterior vertebral margin
underneath the periosteum
Spreads beneath the ALL
Subtle anterior erosion of multiple
vertebrae, shown in lateral X-ray
Late disk destruction
29. Produced by extension ofTB granulation tissue and collection
of abscess in the paravertebral region
Abscess in the cervical region usually presents as a soft tissue
shadow between the vertebral bodies and pharynx and
trachea. Normal value: above cricoid cartilage (C6): 0,5 cm;
below 1,5 cm
In the upper thoracic abscess, on AP view cast aV-shaped
shadow stripping the lung apices laterally and downwards.
Abscess below the levelTh4 vertebra produce typical fusiform
shape
30.
31. In Lumbar region, widening of the psoas shadows shown
psoas abscesses
32. Forward wedging of 1 or 2 vertebral bodies would produce a
small kyphosis ( knuckle kyphosis)
Wedge collapse of 3 or more vertebral bodies would produce
an angular kyphosis (Gibbus) and moderate wedging of a
large number of vertebra would create a round kyphosis.
In children with untreated Pott’s disease, severe kyphosis
often developed with intact neural status.This caused by
gross destruction of anterior growth plates of vertebra with
unrestricted growth of posterior elements, this process
developed gradually and tolerated y neural elements.
33.
34.
35. Rajasekaran et al proposed a formula to predict the final
kyphotic deformity in adult population affected with spinal
TB:
Y = a + bx
Y is the final angle, “a” and “b” are constants, 5.5 and 30.5,
respectively, and x is the initial loss of vertebral height in
thoracic and thoracolumbar spine
36. CT-scan: good for assessing the destructive lesion of the
vertebral column, delineation of the shape, extend and route
of spread of cold abscess
MRI: forTB in difficult and rare sites like cranio-vertebral,
cervico-thoracal, SI joint; judge the health of the cord;
differentiates from metastatic disease
Ultrasound: to diagnose the presence of tubercular abscesses
in lumbar vertebra
39. CBC
Low Hb
Lymphocytosis
ESR
Raised in active stage
Normal > 3 months repair stage
Mantoux test not recommended in endemic area (INA)
Erythema > 20mm at 72 hours positive
Gene Xpert PCR test
Sensitivity of 95.6% and Specificity of 96.2%
40. Smear and Culture
Pus Zeil-Nielson AFB
Pus in Lowenstein Jensen media up to 4 weeks
Pus in Bactec media 2 weeks only
Biopsy
In case of doubt, it is mandatory to prove the diagnosis by obtaining
the diseased tissue
41.
42. Pyogenic Infection
Most common: staphylococcus aureus
Fungal Infection
Most common: actinomyces or blastomycosis group
Malignant disease
Most common: hemangioma, MBD
Parasitic Infestation
Example: hydatid disease
43.
44.
45.
46. List of Problems:
• Infection
• Multiple lesion
• Poor general condition
• Instability
• Abses
• Neurological deficit
• Pain
• Pathologic fracture
• Deformity
• Socioeconomic
• Psychogenic
• Kyphus progression by growth
51. Organism identified
Antibiotic sensitivity
Single disc space involvement without significant vertebral
body destruction
Minimal or no instability
Minimal or no neurologic deficit
Medical-comorbidities (not tolerable for surgery)
52. Percutaneous biopsy
Antibiotics
Brace and follow-up imaging at 8 weeks to verify stability
Palliative therapy with pain medication
53.
54.
55. Neurologic deficit
Paravertebral abscess
Spine instability
Severe kyphotic deformity
Resistance to the current anti-TB drugs (No effect after 4
weeks of medication)
Open Biopsy
56. Background:
Large number of patient with spinalTB
Lack number of hospital bed and medical staff
Strategy:
AntiTB medication
Rest and spinal brace
Indication for hospitalization/ surgery:
Paraplegic patients
Patient for abscess evacuation/ debridement
Unstable and painful spinal lesion
Extensive thoracic lesion in children for fusion
57. Rest
In hard bed, POP bed for uncooperative children
Traction for spinalTB in cervical/ cervicothoracic region, to put the
disease part in rest
Drugs & Supportive therapy
AntiTB medication, multivitamins, hematinics, High protein diets
Monitoring
Radiograph and ESR at 3 to 6 months interval
MRI or CT scan at 6 to 12 months interval for about 2 years
58. Gradual Mobilization
For patient with no neurological deficit, with support of spinal brace, as tolerated
Back extension exercise 5-10 minutes, 3-4 times/day, after 3-9 weeks of starting of treatment
Aspiration ofAbscesses
Aspirated when near the surface, 1 gr of streptomycin with o/wo INH solution is instilled at each
aspiration.
Open drainage if aspiration failed
Cervical prevertebral abscess drained if causing difficulty in respiration/ swallowing
Drainage of perispinal abscess considered when its radiological size increases markedly despite
treatment
Sinuses
Usually heal within 6-12 weeks after treatment start
Seldom need longer treatment and excision of sinus
59. Absolute indication for surgery
No progressive recovery after fair trial of conservative treatment
Neurological complications develops during conservative treatment
Worsening of neurological deficit during treatment
Recurrence of neurological complications
Pressure effects (deglutition/ respiration)
Advanced cases of neurological involvement (Sphincter
disturbances, flaccid paralysis or severe flexor spasm)
60. Postoperative:
Patient nursed on a hard bed for 2-3 weeks
Patient mobilized 2-4 months after surgery with spinal brace
The spinal brace is gradually discarded 1-2 years after surgery
61.
62. Indication:
Early stage
Good general condition
Minimal symptoms
Not amenable for surgery/ refuse surgery
Conservative treatment with Anti-TB medication
Brace
Cervical Collar
Jewett Brace
Lumbar support
Body cast
63. Indication:
Stable spine with paravertebral abscess
Back pain secondary to abscess
Anterior/ Posterior approach, depend on
location of abscess
Percutaneous approach / CT-guided if
abscess superficial
MRI help determined abscess location
64. Indication:
Infection at anterior thoraco-lumbar level with minimal
kyphosis
Anterior column destruction with intact posterior column
Neurologic intact/ with hemiparesis
Surgery
Hong Kong method: Anterior debridement with anterior
fusion
Classic: using strut graft from ribs/ iliac bone
Modern: using anterior cage
65. Indication
Unstable spine with severe pain, neurologic
deficit, deformity
Active infection at anterior and posterior
column
Surgery
Combine anterior and posterior approach
Hongkong method + Posterior instrumented
stabilization
One step/ two step
66. Indication
Infection on treatment/ resolved with stiff kyphotic
deformity (gibbus)
Infection site/ lesion at anterior and posterior column
Surgery
Combine anterior and posterior approach
Hongkong method + Posterior instrumented stabilization
One step/ two step
67. Indication:
Stable anterior column, unstable posterior
column
Posterior site infection
No deformity
Surgery
All posterior approach debridement with
instrumented stabilization & fusion
68. Indication:
Infection at Lumbar area
Mild kyphotic deformity (40-75°)
Surgery
All posterior approach debridement with rod and screw corrective
manipulation (RSCM) technique without needed for posterior
destruction like osteotomy, laminectomy, costotranversectomy or
decompression.
69. Indication
Moderate kyphotic deformity (75-90°)
Anterior and posterior column collapse
Surgery
Posterior approach, shortening procedure
Circumferential debridement, resection of 1-2 vertebral segment and
fusion
Decompression with laminectomy, costotranversectomy,
corpectomy from posterior approach
70. Indication
Severe kyphotic deformity (75-90°) with neurologic deficit
Active or resolved infection at cervical, thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar.
Surgery
Posterior approach
Debridement, deformity correction, distraction, posterior instrumented fusion
Deformity correction using osteotomy, RSCM technique or combination
Intraoperative nerve monitoring should be use while performing distraction/
deformity correction
Anterior defect might be addressed at 2nd stage
71. Indication
Severe kyphotic deformity (75-90°) without neurologic deficit
Active or resolved infection at cervical, thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar.
Surgery
Posterior approach
Debridement, deformity correction, distraction, posterior instrumented fusion
Deformity correction using osteotomy, RSCM technique or combination
Intraoperative nerve monitoring should be use while performing distraction/
deformity correction
Goal is to prevent neurologic deficit
72. Retrospective study of 184 patients w/ thoracicTB, 2003-2010
55% Men, average age 39.3 ± 14.4 y.o.
Divided into 3 groups:
Group A: posterior debridement, interbody fusion w/
instrumentation
Group B: combined anterior-posterior surgery (one/two stage)
Group C: Hong Kong method
Followed up for average ±73 months
73. Conclusion:
Posterior approach is
recommended in thoracic spinal
TB because it has good results,
reduced complications, operative
time and blood loss.
74. Goals: Functional optimization of
Vertebral structures
Extremities
Sexual
Urination and defecation
75. Muscle function rehabilitation
Skeletal and joint rehabilitation
Urinary bladder rehabilitation
Colon rehabilitation
Sexual rehabilitation
Ambulation rehabilitation
Sanitation
Social rehabilitation
76. Functional rehabilitation:
ROM exercises
Bladder and bowel training
Mobilization, transfer and ambulation training
Spinal brace
Systemic rehabilitation
Breathing exercises
Proper bed positioning
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Simulation (TENS)
Heat treatment
Nutrition and diet
Hinweis der Redaktion
TB bacilli phagocytosed by the mononucear cells Epitheloid cell formation Langhans giant cell formation by fusion of epitheloid cells Lymphocytes form a ring around the lesion Tubercle formation