4. The theory of Realism built upon from certain assumptions, mentioned below
Human Nature is imperfect and imperfect able
Human beings in order to achieve self-interest do not hesitate to destroy others
when and where he gets an opportunity. Likewise countries follows
The National interest of various countries are sometime conflicting
Different interests can lead to war and other form of conflicts
A country’s power is crucial in determining the outcome of conflict and also to
influence other countries.
Every country tries to increase its power which is fixed doctrine ( Power)
Thus, there is contest of power going on in the world and this can neither be
controlled nor regulated by international law or any international organization.
International politics, then, is aimed at increasing power, keeping power or
demonstrating power.
6. Realism is totally oppose to Idealism, the difference can be
measure from assumptions of Idealism.
The Current international system is based on upon power
politics
It is temporary and passing phase of history
When this phase will pass, a new future society will emerge. The
new society will be based on morality, non-violence, harmony
and brotherhood.
In the emerging societies the interest of various groups are likely
to be adjusted in the larger interest of the mankind as a whole.
8. DEFINITION:
LIBERALISM
Doyle defines four definition to Liberalism
All citizens are juridically equal and possesses certain
basic rights to education, free press and religious
tolerance etc.
The Legislative assembly of the state possesses only the
authority invested in it by the people, whose basic rights
it can’t abuse.
Right to own property and productive forces
The most effective system of economic exchange is one
largely driven by market forces and subordinated to
bureaucratic control, domestically and internationally
9. Liberal emerged after World War I
The liberalist produced three ideas to oppose Realists
Collective Security/ LON
Legal Procedures
Disarmament ( Washington Naval Conference 1922 and Geneva
Disarmament Conference 1932)
To Maintain Transnational Relations
10. Human nature is peaceful/ Rational, can think.
Maintain peace in the world
progress can be achieve through peace.
Peace can be achieve through international organizations/ UNO
To make world Democratic ( Democracy)
Self Determination
Collective Security/ NATO
Diplomacy
World Organization
11. First Image of Liberalism Second Image of Liberalism Third Image of Liberalism
Intervention by the Governments
domestically and internationally
disturbing the nature order
Undemocratic nature of
international politics, especially
foreign policy and balance of power.
The balance of power system
Individual Liberty, Free Trade,
Prosperity, and interdependence
National self determination, open
governments responsive to public
opinion; collective security
A World Government, with power of
mediate and enforce decisions.
13. Cooperation is harder to achieve and sustain
It has failed to replace old balance of power with the rule of law
America Hegemony has no longer remained support to Liberalism
Liberal Principle of sovereign equality is under threat
The division of super power over NATO or US military intervention
Liberalist have failed to protect environment, poverty reduction, nuclear non-
proliferation, and prevention of human atrocities.
Global Politics (institution of governance) is no to much liberalism
14. Standard life/ Quality
Promotion of trade for peace
Democratic World
Set up Liberal Institution
Modern Welfare States
15. IT try to maintain justice, liberty and
tolerance.
Promotion of trade for peace
Democratic World
Set up Liberal Institution
Modern Welfare States
17. WHAT IS A NATION
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
A nation is, “large community of people
usually sharing a common history,
language, etc. and living in a particular
territory under one government.
19. THREE FACTOR OF
NATION
Certain Similarities
Language, race, religion, common historical experience,
regular socio-economic and political interaction.
Feeling of community
Nation feel as separate nation, nationhood, patriotism etc.
describe the feeling of community.
Desire to be separate
Nations are formed when they feel themselves as separate,
they want to remain political dominant.
20. WHAT IS A STATE
A state may be defined as a community of
people in a definite territory with an
organized government which is free from
external control. A state has four basic
characters such as population, territory,
independent government and sovereignty.
21. WHAT IS A NATION-
STATE
According to John Rourk
A nation state means political unit that is
sovereign( it does not reorganizes any
higher political authority) and whose
inhabitants identify politically with it and
support it.
22. ORIGIN OF
NATION-STATE
Nation state is modern phenomena which emerged in 17th
century, before this different patterns of political life existed
which slowly progressed and culminated into nation state.
Roman Empire
( Catholic Christian Religion and Feudal System).
Kingdoms
Renaissance and Reformation ( 1350-1550)
Nationalism ( State belongs to people not kind or any
religious authority.
24. IS PAKISTAN A NATION-
STATE?
Yes Pakistan is nation state/ no matter
what theory of nation or nationalism is
applied to study of its society.
Common Religion/ Minority
Common History
Common values
25. FUTURE OF
NATION-STATE
Until and unless the pattern of political loyalty is intact ,
there is nor immediate threat to the existence of nation
state.
Sovereignty and Patriotism
Military Power/ Defense System
Globalization is threat to nation state because international
organizations influence the decision making of the nation
state.
Technology Revolution is also a threat to Nation State
because States are no longer capable to protect citizens from