Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of national economies, cultures, and populations across international borders. Some key aspects of globalization include: - Increased flow of goods, services, capital, and people across borders. This includes increased international trade and investment. - Spread of technology and communication infrastructure around the world, enabling faster and easier flow of information. This includes the internet, smartphones, etc. - Growth and influence of multinational corporations operating in many countries. - Emergence of a global financial system and markets with integrated capital markets and currency exchanges. - Spread of popular culture and media on a global scale through satellite TV, film, music, social media etc. - Increased

2. Introduction
Proctor: Dildar Ali @Ali Chohan,
Lecturer Pakistan Studies, Sukkur IBA
University, Campus, Kandhkot.
 Working Experience:
1. Mashallah Public School
2. Decent Public School
3. Zeb Pubic School
4. School of Excellence, Sukkur.
5. The City School, Khairpur
Branch.
6. Cadet College Ghotki
7. Presently working @SIBAU-KK-
Campus
 Here, I teach.
1. Pakistan Studies-PS
2. International Relations-IR
3. Moral Philosophy-Ethics

3. Subject:
International Relations
Lecture No. 1

4. Cognitive Domain Affective, Psychomotor
Chapter One: International Relations Affective: Peaceable, Patriot, Modern–Global
Awareness
Psychomotor: Relationship Management,
Capitalist–Globalization, & State Actor
Core Principles, IR as Field of Study & Development of IR
Actors and Influences (State and Non-State Actors) & Globalization
Chapter Two: Theories of International Relations Affective: Realist, Socialist, Feminist, Liberal,
Democrat
Psychomotor: Democracy, Social Welfare,
Women Empowerment, Balance of Power &
Defence Mechanism
Realism, Marxism, Feminism, Liberalism
Concept of Modern Nation States
Chapter Three: Foreign Policy
Making foreign Policy, Model of Decision Making
Domestic Influence: 1. Bureaucracy, 2. Interest Group, 3. Public Opinion & 4. Legislature
Affective: Bureaucrat, legislator
Psychomotor: Policy/Decision Making, lobby,
legislation
First Mid Exams
International Relations

5. I.R Defined
Used by Germy Bentham and word is combination
of Inter, National, and Relations. Collectively Relations
among States is called I.R

6. Treaty of Westphalia
Singed Between Protestants
and Catholics
Principles of Westphalia
Austria Habsburg impose Catholicism on Protestants in Bohemia

7. Principles of Westphalia
 Divided the Catholic and Protestants states
 Sovereignty
 Non- interference-Catholic and Protestants
 National self-determination;
 Diplomatic congresses (a meeting of elected or appointed representatives)
 Peaceful coexistence
 Maintained by a balance of power among sovereign states.

8. Nature of International Relations
There are two views
Narrow View
Broad View

9. International Relations as Discipline
There are three Groups
One Reject as organized discipline
because of history and political
science
Second group regard it as discipline
Third group regard it is being
discipline

10. Relations/Politics
Relations
some time considered as
identical, it covers eco,
social, political and
religious relationship
among states
Politics
Considered as separate
discipline because it deals
with only political
relations with the states

11. Core Principles of I.R

12. Collective Goods
A tangible or intangible good, created by the members
of a group, that is available to all group members
regardless of their individual contribution to the
collective good, yet if too many participants do so, the
good cannot be provided.

13. Collective Goods Problem
 Collective Interests vs Individual Interests
 Shared Interests vs Conflicting Interests
 States are sovereign with no central authority
 Govt force individuals to contribute: Paying Taxes,
installing antipollution equipment on vehicles.

14. Let’s take some examples of Conflicting
Interest Vs Shared Interest
Common Tragedy, collective action, free riding, burden sharing and
prisoner’s dilemma.

15. Common Tragedy Problem [Global Warming]

16. Collective Action or Social Dilemma [War on Terror]
Is a situation in which all individuals would be better of
cooperating but fail to do so b/c of conflicting interest
between individuals that discourage joint action

17. Benefiting from a collective good with having incurred the
cost of participating in the its production Reducing Pollution

18. Burden Sharing: Funding for Covid-19
Is defined as the relative weight of the distribution
of costs and risks Allies in pursuit of common goals

19. NPT

22. Dominance
&
Submission
Self Interest

23. Reward
&
Punish
Positive: You
scratch my
back and I’ll
scratch yours;
market in
market
Negative: An
eye for an eye,
a tooth for
tooth; balance
of power
Mutual Interest

24. Reward
&
Punish
altruistic

25. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-
SA

26. I.R Defined
Used by Germy Bentham and word is combination
of Inter, National, and Relations. Collectively Relations
among States is called I.R
Treaty of Westphalia: Austria Habsburg impose Catholicism on Protestants in Bohemia

27. Lets sum up the three core principles
Everyday Example

28. Lets sum up the three core principles
I.R Example

29. International Relation as
a Field of Study
 Condoleezza Rice-Professors
 Some Universities award separate degree for IR
 Some Universities teach IR as part of political science
 Comparative Politics overlapping with IR
 It provide sphere for scholars and foreign policy makers to focus
on Issue Areas
 IR Scholars often look at friendly of hostile behavior towards the
other nation

30. IR as a Field of Study
 International Politics
 Politics of Environmental Management
 Comparative Politics
 Issue Area: Global Trade Negotiations
 Conflict and Cooperation
 International Law
 International Development
 International Security
 International Political Economy
 North South Relations
 Global Telecommunication

31. Development of International Relations
Kenneth W Thompson

32. 1. Realism
2.
Idealism

33. Diplomatic Stage-Past
 First Chair set up in 1919 @ varsity of
Wales
 The study was dominated by
Diplomatic Historians
 Attention was focused on diplomatic
relations
 Scholars focused on Past history of
political & diplomatic relations
 Past was not related to Present
 No attempt was made to draw
principles
 No theorizing of IR made.
Current Events Stage: Present
 Theme- Current Events & Problems
 Review of paper, journals to
understand day-to-day affairs
 Scholar car to interpret current
developments
 life first stage failed to study future
of IR

34. Law & Organization-Future
 Scholars adopted Idealistic in nature,
content & outlook
 Establishment of an Ideal International
Society.
 Reforming IR through institutions:
League of Nations
 Reforming IR through International
Law: 14 points, Paris conference, etc.
 International Laws to control war and
destruction
 Global Disarmaments
 It presented Utopian solution
Note: war can be eliminated through
institutionalization
Contemporary Stage: all
factors & forces
 Attempted to develop theories of IR
 Shifted the study of IR to factors and
forces.
 Political Idealism resulted in the
emergence of Political Realism
 Realist Model of IR advocated National
Power, National Interest, F.P
 I.P view as power politics among
nations

35. Theories/Approaches of/to IR/IP
 Post-Modernist
 Neo-realist
 Marxist
 Neo-libertarian
 Human Rights
 Feminism
 Environmental
 Neo-Colonialism
 New-Imperialism

36. Some other views on Development/Approaches
to the International Relations

37. Benefits of International Relations
 Promotion of Culture, history to international society
 Foreign Policy/ Relations development
 National Interest
 Resolve Crisis and conflicts among states
 Climate Change
 Human Rights
 Peaceful Co-Existence
 Understanding of Political System

38. Factors affects International Relations
 Geographical position
 Ideology
 Population Young ( Children and Old)
 Natural Resources
 Economic Conditions
 Science and Technology
 Leadership

39. Sources of Conflicts &
International Relations
Conflicts also occur among state due to some factors, these factors
contributes in spoiling International Relation
 Ideological Differences
 Interference in Sovereignty
 Territorial Claims
 Colonization
 Freedom Movements supported by other states. Khalistan and
BLO

40. Conflict Resolution in I.R
Recommendation
 Peace Talks or Ways/Negotiations
 By Force
 Conciliation
 Mediators
 Good Office ( role play by other state as World Bank in
Indus Treaty)
 Inquiry ( suitable on border sites)
 Judicial ( International Court of Justices)
 Sanctions
 Blockades ( block routes etc. as case of Malacca )
 Intervention
 WAR

41. The End
What is the meaning
of
word
Globalization?