This document provides an introduction and overview of bricks, including their composition, types, properties, and uses. It discusses the main ingredients that make up clay bricks, such as alumina, silica, lime, and iron oxide. Bricks are classified based on their quality after burning, with first class bricks being the hardest and used for important structures. Other types discussed include hollow bricks, fly-ash bricks, refractory bricks, and perforated bricks. The properties of good burnt clay bricks are that they are uniformly burnt and hard with high compressive strength.

1. Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology
GUIDED BY :-
SHAHID SIR
MADEBY ;-
NAVED FRUITWALA (150990119006)
UTKARSH GANDHI (150990119007)
DIGVIJAYSINH GOHIL (150990119008)
JAIMIN PRAJAPATI (150990119010)
INTRODUCTION
AND
CONSTRUCTION
OF BRICKS

2. CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 USES OF BRICK
 TYPES OF BRICKS
 COMPOSITION OF CLAY BRICK
 STRENGTH OF BRICKS
 CLASSIFICATION OF BURNT CLAY BRICKS
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON UTILITY
 PROPERTIES OF BURNT CLAY BRICKS
 SPECIAL BRICKS
 HOLLOW BRICKS
 FLY-ASH BRICKS

3. INTRODUCTION
 Bricks are made up of clay and chiefly employed in
building construction.
 Easy availability , lightweight , cheapness , ease in
handling are the main characteristics of bricks.
 According to Indian standards , the size of the brick
without thickness of mortar join is
19 cm X 9 cm X 9 cm.

4.  Clay bricks may be divided into ordinary bricks and
firebricks.
 The ordinary bricks can be further be classified into 4
classes according to their qualities such as 1st class,
2nd class, 3rd class and zhama bricks or 4th class bricks
or over burnt bricks.
 Firebricks are made up of pure fire clay or a mixture of
fire clay and pure sand cemented with a small
proportion of clay.
 Firebricks are capable of withstanding intense heat
without melting or softening.

5.  1st class brick :-
 Well burnt in kilns, table moulded; rectangular with sharp edges.
 These bricks are very hard
 2nd class brick :-
 Burnt in clamps and ground moulded but with little bit irregular
shape.
 These bricks are hard.
 3rd class bricks :-
 Ground moulded and burnt in clamps
 These bricks are slightly soft.
 4th class bricks :-
 These bricks are over burnt.
 These bricks are very hard.

6. FIRST CLASS BRICKS SECOND CLASS BRICKS
THIRD CLASS BRICKS FOURTH CLASS BRICKS

7. USES OF BRICKS
 1st and 2nd class bricks are used for all sort of sound
work, especially of permanent nature like construction
of building, Bridge piers etc.
 1st class are used in architectural compositions and
face work of structures.
 3rd class bricks are used in temporary or less important
works like compound wall.
 Zhama bricks are used as road metal and as
aggregate in road concrete.
 Firebricks are used in acid plants, steel furnaces,
cement kiln etc.

8. TYPES OF BRICKS
 Bricks can be classified into two parts :-
 Conventional Bricks :
The dimensions of conventional bricks or traditional
bricks vary from 21 to 25 cm in length, 10 to 13 cm in
width and 7.5 to 10 cm in height in different parts of
country.
The commonly adopted size of conventional brick is
23*11.4*7.5 cm.

9.  Standard Bricks :-
In different parts of the country different size of bricks
are used. Therefore to have a uniform size throughout
the country, Indian Standard Institution (ISI) has
suggested a uniform brick or modular brick.
The nominal size of modular brick or standard brick is
20X10X10 cm and the actual size of brick is 19X9X9
cm. Frog size is 6X4X2 cm.

10. COMPOSITION OF CLAY BRICK
 Brick earth is a natural substance. In the preparation of
bricks, brick earth is moulded to required shape and
size and dried well and then burnt in clams or kilns.
 The main ingredients of a good brick earth are :-
1) Alumina : It is the chief ingredient of every clay. A
good brick earth should contains 20 to 30 % if alumina.
Alumina absorbs more water and imparts plasticity to
the clay.

11. 2) Silica : Silica is added to clay in appropriate
quantities. It prevents cracking, shrinking and warping
of raw bricks. A good brick earth should contain about
50 to 60 % silica.
3) Lime : Small quantity of lime in the brick earth is
desirable. It acts as a flux such that in enables the
sand to fuse or to melt during burning and binds the
particles of brick together. The excess of lime causes
the brick to melt and lose its shape.

12. 4) Magnesia : It also acts as flux during burning. A very
small amount of magnesia gives a yellow tint to the
bricks and also decreases shrinkage. Excess of
magnesia cause brick to decay.
5) Iron Oxide : It acts as a flux such that a very small
amount of iron oxide helps to fuse the lime and the
sand during burning. It also binds the particles of the
brick together so that bricks become hard and strong.
It also imparts red colour to bricks but excess of iron
oxide makes bricks dark blue in colour.

13. STRENGTH OF BRICKS
 The bricks which are commonly used should have a
minimum compressive strength or crushing strength of
3.5 N/mm².
 Second class bricks i.e. grade B bricks should have
compressive strength not less than 7 N/mm².
 First class bricks i.e. grade A bricks should have
compressive strength not less than 10.5 N/mm².
 Grade A-A bricks should have compressive strength
not less than 14 N/mm².
 Bricks with compressive strength less than 3.5 N/mm²
will fall in the category of grade C.
 When the bricks soaked in water the strength of a brick
reduces by about 25%.

14. CLASSIFICATION OF BURNT
CLAY BRICKS
 By Quality
Sand faced
Rustic multicolored
 By Manufacture
Hand moulded
Machine moulded
 By Utility
1st class
2nd class
3rd class
4th class

15. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
UTILITY
 1st class brick (Grade A)
 Sound, well burnt in kilns, table moulded; rectangular with sharp
edges
 Surface is clean smooth and no cracks
 These bricks are very hard
 Mainly used for face-worked structure or used for superior work .
 2nd class brick (Grade B)
 Burnt in clamps and ground moulded but with little bit irregular shape
 Surface is rough and have spots
 These bricks are hard
 Mainly used for ordinary structures and also used at places where
brickwork is to be provided with plaster coat.

16. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
UTILITY
 3rd class bricks (Grade C)
 Ground moulded and burnt in clamps
 Surface is rough and have distorted edges
 These bricks are slightly soft
 Used for unimportant and temporary structure and at places
where rainfall is not heavy.
 4th class bricks (Grade D)
 These bricks are over burnt
 Surface is irregular and have dark colour
 These bricks are very hard
 Used as metal or aggregates for concrete in foundation, floors,
roads, etc.

17. PROPERTIES OF BURNT
CLAY BRICKS
 The bricks should be well burnt, copper coloured or
reddish in colour, free from cracks and with sharp
edges
 Its colour should be uniform and bright throughout
 The bricks should be uniform in shape and with
standard size
 The burnt clay bricks should be free from voids
 When two bricks are struck with each other, then it
should give a clear metallic ringing sound

18.  When the burnt clay bricks are soaked in water, it should not
absorb water more than 20% of its dry weight.
 When the burnt clay bricks are dropped flat on hard ground from
a height of 1 m, it should not crash into pieces.
 The burnt clay bricks should be hard. When it is scratched with
finger nail, no impressions should be left on brick surfaces.
 Burnt clay brick should be sound proof and should have low
thermal conductivity.
 When the bricks are soaked for 24 hours , no white salt deposits
should be seen after drying.
 Burnt clay brick should have crushing strength more than 5.5
N/m².

19. HOLLOW BRICK OR
HOLLOW BLOCK
 These bricks are also termed as cavity bricks or
cellular bricks.
 It has wall thickness about 20mm to 25mm and is
prepared from special homogeneous clay.
 They are light in weight. They also reduces the
transmission of heat, sound & damp.
 They used in construction work of brick partitioning.

20. SPECIAL BRICKS
 Acid Resistant Brick:-They are specially made for chemical
plant. It is made from mixture of refractory clay and silica.
 Engineering bricks:- They are those which are more vitrified
than common clay building brick;
 These bricks are used for paving purpose in the construction
work.
 These bricks are very hard.
 Silica Brick:-These bricks contain a very high percentage of
silica to the extent of about 95 to 97%. A small quantity of lime
about 1 to 2% is added to work as a binding material.
 Silica bricks can stand a high temperature up to about 2273 K.

21.  Refractory bricks:- It can stand a temperature up to
1973k. Hence these bricks are much employed in the
construction of lime flue, hearths and various classes of
furnaces used in metallurgical process.
 Sand lime brick:- These bricks are very strong and hard
bricks manufactured by a process involves a chemical
reaction and not a mere mechanical mixture under
pressure.
 These bricks are much stronger than clay bricks and are
uniform in colour and texture with sharp edges
 Hence these bricks are used for ornamental work due to its
line texture and uniform colour.

22.  Blue bricks :- These bricks are very hard and dense. It
makes from a clay containing 7 to 10 % iron oxide. These
bricks are fired at a temperature of 1250°C.
 Blue bricks are very much used for heavy engineering
constructional work such as bridges etc.
 Coloured bricks: This type of bricks are rarely used in
India. These bricks are used for decoration work only. Any
sort of colour bricks can be produced by mixing some
admixtures.
 Fire bricks :- This type of bricks are used for the
construction of hearth, furnaces and chimney where the
bricks are required to resist very high temperature.

23.  Perforated bricks: This type of bricks contain cylindrical holes
throughout their thickness .
 These are light in weight and require less quantity of clay for
their preparation.
 These bricks are mainly used in the construction of bricks
panels for light weight structures and multi-storeyed framed
structure.

24. FLY-ASH BRICKS
 The fly-ash is a fine powder thrown out as a waste
material in large quantities at the thermal power
station.
 Fly-ash resembles like a pozzolana. Fly-ash is acidic in
nature and its main constituents are silica, aluminium
oxide and ferrous oxide.
 The process of making fly-ash bricks involves the use
of fly-ash. lime, sand and a small quantity of
magnesium chloride as chemical accelerator.

25.  The fly-ash. sand and lime are mixed together
approximately in the ratio of 80: 13 : 7. The hydraulic
press is used for making these bricks. Semi-dried
bricks are cured in a steam chamber at appropriate
pressure and temperature.
 The fly—ash bricks are more superior to the
conventional burnt bricks in shape. technical
specifications. compressive strength and
impermeability. These bricks are light in weight and 10
to 15 % cheap as compared to the conventional bricks.

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