PPT ON INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING. IT INCLUDE ONLY MAIN CONTAIN RELATED SUBJECT.

1. Prepared by:
Dhruvit lakhani(140050119032)
Guided by :
Mehul Shah

2.  Work Study is a generic term for management services and
system engineering techniques, used to investigate:
◦ Methods of performing work (Method Study).
◦ The time taken to do it (Work Measurement).
 Compare time required by alternative method
 To decide staff and equipment requirement
 Training of new employee
 To suggest a sound incentive system
 To determine delivery date
 Cost reducton and cost control

3.  Direct work measurement
 Time study
 work sampling:
◦ Indirect work measurement
 Synthesis from standard data.
 Estimating.
 Analytical estimating.
 Comparative estimating.

4.  Work Measurement Purposes may be:
 To reveal the nature and extent of ineffective time, from
whatever cause.
 So that action can be taken to eliminate it; and then,
 To set standards of performance that are attainable only if all
avoidable ineffective time is eliminated and work is performed
by the best method available
April 11, 2017Lab # 5: Work Measurements 4

5.  Time Study: is the development of a standard time by
observing a task and analyzing it with the use of a
stopwatch
 Time Study includes:
◦ Establishment of standard times - management knowledge
◦ Rating operator performance - criteria for appraisal
◦ Gathering information to calculate production capabilities &
data for capacity planning.
◦ Defining work content of finished goods and services e.g.
for charging & estimating.
April 11, 2017Lab # 5: Work Measurements 5

6. Before Time Studies After Time Studies
April 11, 2017Lab # 5: Work Measurements 6

7.  Standard time:
The amount of time it should take a qualified worker to
complete a specific task, working at a sustainable rate, using
given methods, tools and equipment, raw materials, and
workplace arrangement.
 Allowances
 Personal time allowance - 4% - 7% of total time - use of
restroom, water fountain, etc.
 Delay allowance - based upon actual delays that occur
 Fatigue allowance - to compensate for physical or mental
strain, noise level, tediousness, heat and humidity,
assumption of an abnormal position, etc.
April 11, 2017Lab # 5: Work Measurements 7

8.  Standard time is the total time in which a job should be
completed at standard performance.
April 11, 2017Lab # 5: Work Measurements 8
Normal Time Rest Pers.
Need
Delay
Standard Time

9. 1. Secure and record information about the operation and
operator being studied.
2. Orient the supervisor and the workers.
3. Improve the work methods.
4. Break the task into elements and record.
5. Observe and record the time taken by the operator.
6. Determine the number of cycles to be timed.
7. Rate the operator’s performance.
April 11, 2017Lab # 5: Work Measurements 9

10. • Estimates percent of time a worker spends on various tasks
• Requires random observations to record worker activity
• Determines how employees allocate their time
• Can be used to set staffing levels, reassign duties, estimate
costs, and set delay allowances

11. • Advantages of work samplingAdvantages of work sampling
• Less expensive than time studyLess expensive than time study
• Observers need little trainingObservers need little training
• Studies can be delayed or interrupted with little impactStudies can be delayed or interrupted with little impact
on resultson results
• Worker has littleWorker has little
chance to affectchance to affect
resultsresults
• Less intrusiveLess intrusive

12. • Disadvantages of work sampling
• Does not divide work elements as completely as time
study
• Can yield biased results if observer does not follow
random pattern
• Less accurate, especially when
job element times are short

13. 1. Take a preliminary sample to obtain estimates of parameter
values
2. Compute the sample size required
3. Prepare a schedule for random observations at appropriate
times
4. Observe and record worker activities
5. Determine how workers spend their time

14. Determining the sample sizeDetermining the sample size
n =n =
zz22
p(1 - p)p(1 - p)
hh22
wherewhere nn == required sample sizerequired sample size
zz == standard normal deviate forstandard normal deviate for
desired confidence leveldesired confidence level
pp == estimated value of sampleestimated value of sample
proportionproportion
hh == acceptable error level in percentacceptable error level in percent

15.  Predetermined motion time system (PMTS) is a work
measurement technique whereby times established for basic
human motions are used to build up the time for a job at a
defined level of performance.
 PMTS also called predetermined time system (PTS), is
a database of basic motion elements and their associated
normal time values, together with a set of procedures for
applying the data to analyze manual tasks and establish
standard times for the tasks.

16.  The PMTS database is most readily conceptualized as a set
of tables listing time values that correspond to the basic
motion elements, the lowest level in our hierarchy of manual
work activity
 They include motions such as reach, grasp, move, and
release.

17.  The concept is similar to constructing a building. A building is
composed of elements-Doors, walls, beams, bricks, plumbing.
The structure is the sum of the elements.
 Likewise, a job is also considered to consist of elements, the
total of which is the sum of the elements.
 In formal words, the assumption is that each job element is
independent and additive; that is, each element does not
affect what happens before or after it - independence and
additivity.

18.  A collection of basic motion times.
 Technique for obtaining a standard time by:
 analyzing and subdividing a task into elemental motions
 assigning pre-set standard times for motions and summing
these to obtain a standard time for the whole task.

19.  Methods -Time Measurement
 Work-Factor
 Predetermined Time Standards Systems – Meyers
 MOST

20.  PMT systems offer a number of advantages over stop-watch
time study. With PMT systems one time is indicated for a
given motion, irrespective of where such a motion is
performed.
 A PMT system, which avoids both rating and direct
observation, can lead to more reliability in setting standard
times.
 PMT systems are not too difficult to apply and can be less
time consuming than other methods.

21.  MTM is a procedure which analyzes any manual operation or
method into the basic motions required to perform it, and
assigns to each motion a predetermined time standard which
is determined by the nature of the motion and the conditions
under which it is made.
 MTM gives values for the fundamental motions of: reach,
move, turn, grasp, position, disengage, and release.

22.  Most predetermined motion time systems use time measurement units
(TMU) instead of seconds for measuring time. One TMU is defined to be
0.00001 hours, or 0.036 seconds. These smaller units allow for more
accurate calculations without the use of decimals. 1 hr = 100,000 TMU
 MTM studies provided the following kinds of information
◦ Developing effective work methods prior to production
◦ Improving existing methods to increase production and decrease labor cost per
unit
◦ Establishing time standards as basis for wages and incentive plans
◦ Developing time formulas or standard data for future use
◦ Guiding product design for most efficient manufacture
◦ Developing effective tool designs for most efficient manufacture
◦ Selecting effective equipment for most efficient manufacture