Hair is composed of protein fibers that grow from follicles in the skin. Each hair strand consists of three layers - an inner medulla, middle cortex that provides color and strength, and outer cuticle. Hair grows in cycles with three phases - growth (anagen), transition (catagen), and resting (telogen). Common hair problems include dandruff caused by dry skin, fungus or products and scalp psoriasis caused by a faulty immune system leading to rapid skin cell growth. Shampoo formulations include surfactants, conditioning agents and special additives to clean and treat hair and scalp issues.
2. Content
1. Definition
2. Types of Hair
3. The Hair Structure
4. Hair Growth cycle
5. Fact or Fiction??
6. Hair Problems and Treatments
7. Brief introduction of Shampoo
8. Strategies for healthy hair
9. 10 most interesting facts about
hair
10.References
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3. What is Hair?
Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis, or skin.
Hair
3Microscopical view of Hair
Scientific name: Pili or Pilus
5. Hair structure
Hair is composed of protein called keratin. This is the
same kind of protein that makes up the nails and the outer
layer of skin.
Each strand of hair consists of three layers.
An innermost layer: MEDULLA: present in large thick
hairs.
The middle layer: CORTEX : provides strength –color –
texture
The outermost layer : CUTICLE: Thin-colorless-serves as a
protector of the cortex. 5
6. Cuticle
A healthy cuticle is more than just a protective layer.
Much of the shine that makes healthy hair so attractive is
due to the cuticle. Intact cuticle cells are smooth and glossy,
and reflect light from their surfaces. This, together with the
pigment within the cortex, gives hair its characteristic
appearance.
Black hair reflects less light than blond hair does. Black
hair appears glossier, however, Because the bright bands of
reflected light Contrast more sharply with the darkness of
the rest of the hair.
The cuticle scale on a
normal hair
(electronmicrograph)
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7. The hair follicle
A hair follicle is a tiny cup-shaped pit buried deep in the fat of the scalp. The
follicle is the point from which the hair grows. It is well supplied with minute blood
vessels, and the blood passing through them nourishes the growing region. The
temperature around the follicle is normal body temperature, and is not affected by
cold or hot weather.
The hair of an animal like a cat or a horse grows at different rates depending on
the amount of natural light, which varies according to the time of year: it grows
more quickly in winter when the days are short.
Human hair probably behaves in the same way, growing a little faster in winter
than in summer. 7
8. The hair follicle can be divided into two regions:
The hair bulb
The hair bulb lies inside the hair follicle. It is a structure of actively growing
cells, which eventually produce the long fine cylinder of a hair.
New cells are continuously produced in the lower part of the bulb. As they
grow and develop they steadily push the previously formed cells upwards.
When the cells reach the upper part of the bulb they begin to change, and
they arrange themselves into six cylindrical layers, one inside the other. The
inner three layers of cells become the actual hair. The outer three layers
become the lining of the hair follicle -the inner root sheath. 8
9. (The Hair bulb continue…..)
Special cells in the hair bulb produce the pigment that colors the hair. The
pigment is called melanin, and these cells are known as melanocytes. As the
developing hair moves upwards in the follicle the melanin is carried upwards in
the inner part of the hair.
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10. The mid-follicle region
This part of the follicle the actively growing cells die and harden into what
we call a hair. As the cells below continue to divide and push upwards, the hair
grows upwards too, out of the skin. It now consists of a mixture of different
forms of the special hair protein, keratin.
Some of these keratins contain a high level of sulphur, some much less. The
sulphur plays an important part in the way the hair behaves, especially when it
is given cosmetic treatments. You will find more about this later in the book.
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11. The hair shaft
This is the part of the hair that can be seen above the scalp. It consists
mainly of dead cells that have turned into keratins and binding material,
together with small amounts of water.
Terminal hairs on the head are lubricated by a natural oil (sebum) produced
by the sebaceous glands of the follicles.
How much natural oil your glands produce is mostly determined by your
genetic inheritance. But in addition boys' and girls' glands tend to produce
more oil when levels of their hormones (androgens) are high.
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12. (The hair shaft continue…)
In many teenagers, a massive surge in hormone levels leads to raised grease
production. This results in a tendency to greasy hair, which many young people
know all too well. The good news is that most of them outgrow it.
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13. If the hair is colored it is due to the presence of pigments-either melanin
(black or brown) or pheomelanin (red or yellow).
If these pigments are lacking the hair is white. Canites is the term given to
grey hair, it is an illusion created by the mixture of white and colored hairs.
Actual individual "grey" hairs do not really exist.
Hair grows from a follicle. The walls of the follicle form the outer root
sheath of the hair. The lower part of the follicle widens out to form the hair
bulb that contains the germinal matrix, the source of hair growth.
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14. The Hair Growth Cycle
Hair follicles grow in repeated cycles. One cycle can be broken down into
three phases.
Anagen -Growth Phase: 1000 days or more
Catagen -Transitional phase: 10 days
Telogen -Resting Phase: 100 days
Each hair passes through the phases independent of the neighboring hairs.
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15. Q: Washing hair frequently is bad for your hair. Fact or Fiction??
A: Depends on your hair type, hairstyle, and lifestyle. Using the proper
shampoo and conditioner for your hair is key to making sure it receives the
hair care it needs, regardless of frequency of washing.
Q: It’s important to use a conditioner every time you shampoo your hair. Fact
or Fiction??
A: Conditioner prevents hair breakage-tangling-create soft & smooth hair-soft
hair looks healthy. Use the conditioner to avoid brushing your hair when wet.
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Fact or Fiction??
16. Q: After swimming, my hair becomes rough. Fact or Fiction??
A: Swimming pool water contains Chlorine which has roughening effect on hair
but it depends on how long hair is exposed to it and content of chlorine.
Q: Ammonia containing hair dye cause damage to hair. Fact or Fiction??
A: Ammonia-open the hair shaft and cuticle, so that shaft can accept pigment.
NH3: damages cuticle, amino acid Tyrosine (produce melanin)
• opens hair shaft which never close hair looks like a jelly hair exposed to
moisture stretching and falling.
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Fact or Fiction?? Continue…
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Q: If you pluck a white hair, will more grow in its place. Fact or Fiction??
A: Plucking a white hair will not cause an increase in the number of hairs that
grow back. As mentioned above, each hair passes through the phases
independent of the neighboring hairs.
Fact or Fiction?? Continue…
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Dandruff
Causes:
• Dry skin
• Oily skin (Seborrhoeic Dermatitis)
• Not shampooing often
• Fungus
• Allergy to Hair care products
20. 20
Anti-Dandruff treatment:
Antifungal agents: Fungus is the common culprit for dandruff.
Examples: Ketoconazole
Zinc pyrithione (Head & Shoulders)
Coal tar: The most well-known coal-tar shampoo (and one that works) is
Neutrogena T-Gel. Coal tar fights dandruff by slowing the rate at which the
skin cells on your scalp die and flake off.
It really does look and smell bad—but can control stubborn dandruff. Selenium
sulfide: Similar to coal tar.
Slows the rate of skin cell death, accumulation of dead skin cells.
Doesn't have the odor or aesthetic issues of coal tar.
Example: Selsun Blue.
Salicylic acid: Aids in removing excess skin cells that, if they accumulate on the
scalp, result in dandruff. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties,
making it a great option for addressing flaky scalp from multiple causes.
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Scalp Psoriasis
Causes:
• Doctors believe it comes from something
wrong with your immune system that causes
skin cells to grow too quickly and build up into
patches.
Scalp Psoriasis treatment:
Shampoo containing,
1. Coal tar
2. Salicylic Acid
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Brief introduction of Shampoo
A Shampoo may be described as a cosmetic preparation meant for the
washing of hair and scalp, packaged in a form convenient for use.
A typical formulation of a shampoo:
• Surfactants
• Foam boosters
• Conditioning agents
• Special additives
• Preservatives
• Sesquestering agent
• Viscosity modifiers (thickening and
thinning agents)
• Opacifying and clarifying agents
• Colors and Fragrance
• Stabilizers
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Strategies for healthy hair
1. Eating fresh fruits and meals that contains vitamins.
• Most important vitamin in hair is Biotin (B5) gives flexibility, strength,
shine.
• Pyridoxine (B6) Prevents dandruff
Methylcobalamine (B12) Prevent hair loss
2. No- Poo : No Shampoo
• Washing hair with water and baking soda followed by diluted acid (e.g.
Honey or coconut oil)
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Strategies for healthy hair (continue…)
3. Do not use Hair colors / dye
• Don’t use colors whether its ammonia containing or ammonia free. Ammonia
free colors contains Mono-ethanol-amine (MEA) which is actually more
aggressive than Ammonia and makes your hair dry and brittle.
• However, small amount of ammonia + hydrogen peroxide could be healthier
than MEA and gives long lasting color.
4. Avoid heat to your head.
• Extremely hot water will leave your hair dehydrated and brittle.
• Minimize the use of blow dryers and hair irons.
25. 10 most interesting facts about human
HAIR
1. A hair having a lifespan
of about 5 years.
2. A grey or white hair requires 13 days to
show from stress, shock or aging.
3.4.
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