3. Components of a hardware project
• Communication module: This gives the smart object
its communication capabilities. It is typically either a
radio transceiver with an antenna or a wired
connection.
• Microcontroller: This gives the smart object its
behavior. It is a small microprocessor that runs the
software of the smart object.
• Sensors or actuators: These give the smart object a
way to sense and interact with the physical world.
• Power source: This is needed because the smart
object contains electrical circuits. The most common
power source is a battery, but there are other
examples as well, such as piezoelectric power
sources, that provide power when a physical force is
applied, or small solar cells that provide power when
light shines on them.
Hardware components of a
project
7. Arduino
The Arduino project started in Italy in 2005 as a program for students at the Ivrea Interaction Design
Institute. The aim was to create a low-cost and easy-to-use board for novices and professionals.
Arduino boards have been designed to create devices and prototypes that interact with the
environment using sensors and actuators and multiple communication paradigms. They are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output pins, which may be interfaced with expansion
boards (called “shields”) and other external circuits and components.
Arduino Uno Arduino Mega Arduino Nano
https://www.arduino.cc/
8. Specifications of Arduino Uno
• Microcontroller: ATmega328
• Operating Voltage: 5V
• Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
• Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
• Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins: 6
• DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
• Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB
used by bootloader
• SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
• EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
• Clock Speed: 16 MHz
9. Arduino IDE
The open-source Arduino Software
(IDE) makes it easy to write code and
upload it to the board. It runs on
Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/main/software
The open-source nature of the Arduino
project has facilitated the publication of
many free software libraries that other
developers use to augment their
projects.
23. Arduino shields
Arduino shields are the boards, which are plugged over the Arduino board to expand its
functionalities. There are different varieties of shields used for various tasks, such as Arduino motor
shields, Arduino communication shields, etc.
Shield is defined as the hardware device that can be mounted over the board to increase the
capabilities of the projects. It also makes our work easy. For example, Ethernet shields are used to
connect the Arduino board to the Internet. The pin position of the shields is similar to the Arduino
boards. We can also connect the modules and sensors to the shields with the help of the connection
cable.
24. Arduino IoT Cloud
The Arduino IoT Cloud is an easy to use Internet of Things application platform. It makes it very
simple for anyone to develop and manage IoT applications – freeing them to focus on solving real
problems in their business or in everyday life. It was launched in February 2019.
https://blog.arduino.cc/2019/02/06/announcing-the-arduino-iot-cloud-public-beta/
https://www.arduino.cc/en/IoT/HomePage
Convenience and flexibility are
key considerations for the
Arduino IoT Cloud. Arduino
boards usually require you to
program them by entering
code by way of a sketch —
now the Arduino IoT Cloud can
do this for you. It will quickly
and automatically generate a
sketch when setting up a new
thing, thus enabling a
developer to go from unboxing
their board to a working device
within five minutes.
25. Sensors
A sensor is a device that measures physical parameters from the environment
and converts it into data.
Sensors are a part of our day-to-day life.
If you are using a computer, you are most likely using a mouse, which contains
an optical sensor. If you are using a smartphone, you are using touch sensors
every time you touch the screen.
• Temperature sensors
• Motion sensors
• Light dependent resistor (LDR) sensors
• Infrared (IR) sensors
• Ultrasonic sensors
• Smoke sensors
• Gas sensors
• Refractive index sensors
• Strain sensors
Chemical sensing
26. Temperature sensors
A temperature sensor collects the data about temperature from a
particular source and converts the data into understandable form for a
device or an user.
Types of temperature sensors
• Thermocouples
• Resistor temperature detectors
• Thermistors
• Infrared sensors
• Semiconductor-based
• Thermometers
Thermocouples
The thermocouple is a kind of temperature sensor that is used to measure the
temperature at one specific point in the form of the EMF or an electric current.
This sensor comprises two dissimilar metal wires that are connected together at
one junction. The temperature can be measured at this junction, and the change
in temperature of the metal wire stimulates the voltages.
27. Semiconductor-based temperature sensors
LM35 Temperature sensor (Texas Instruments)
• Calibrated directly in Celsius
• Linear + 10-mV/°C Scale Factor
• 0.5°C Accuracy
• Rated for −55°C to 150°C Range
• Suitable for Remote Applications
AD590 Temperature sensor (Analog Devices)
• Produce an output current proportional to absolute
temperature
• 0.5°C Accuracy
• Rated for −55°C to 150°C Range
• Suitable for temperature compensation or correction of
discrete components
30. Arduino-based projects
Controlling a Lock with an Arduino and Bluetooth LE
https://makezine.com/projects/controlling-a-lock-with-an-
arudino-and-bluetooth-le/
DIY Smart Follow Me Drone With Camera
https://www.instructables.com/DIY-Follow-Me-Drone-With-
Camera-Arduino-Based/
