1. K.E.S’s SHROFF
COLLEGE OF
ARTS & COMMERCE
SUBJECT:
Equity market-II

2. Class:
S.Y.B.F.M.
Semester:
4
th
PRESENTATION ON:
Fundamental analysis
Submitted to: Prof. priya shroff
Academic year: 2011-12

3. Group Members
Name
Roll No.
PRIYANK DARJI
06
HARDIK NATHWANI
27
SHASHANK PAI
28
SAGAR PANCHAL
29
DHARMIK PATEL
32
KUSH SHAH
39
SIDDARTH TAWDE
46

4. Introduction
Fundamental analysis of a business involves analyzing its
Financial statement and health, Its management and competitive
advantage, and its competitors and markets. When applied to
futures and forex, it focuses on the overall state of the economy,
interested, production, earning and management. When analyzing
a stock, future contracts, or currency using fundamental analysis
there are two basic approaches one can use; bottom up analysis
and top down analysis. The term is used to distinguish such
analysis from other types of investment analysis, such as
quantitative analysis and technical analysis.
As the market relentlessly calls into question virtually every
portion of your stock portfolio, even the most independent-minded
investor can start doubting himself. You wonder did I make the
right decisions when I bought these stocks? To answer yourself in
any rational fashion, you need to be able to judge whether
circumstances, not just psychology, have changed for your
holdings.
Fundamental analysis is performed on historical and present data,
but with the goal of making financial forecasts. There are some
objectives:
1) To conduct a company stock valuation and predict its
probable price evolution
2) To make a projection on its business performance, to
evaluate its management and make internal business
decisions, to calculate its credit risk.

5. Meaning of Fundamental analysis
 Fundamental analysis is a method used to determine the
value of a stock by analyzing the financial data that is
'fundamental' to the company. That means that fundamental
analysis takes into consideration only those variables that
are directly related to the company itself, such as its
earnings, its dividends, and its sales. Fundamental analysis
does not look at the overall state of the market nor does it
include behavioral variables in its methodology. It focuses
exclusively on the company's business in order to determine
whether or not the stock should be bought or sold.
 Fundamental analysis is a stock valuation method that uses
financial and economic analysis to predict the movement of
stock prices.
 Fundamental analysis is the study of economic, industry,
and company conditions in an effort to determine the value
of a company's stock. Fundamental analysis typically
focuses on key statistics in a company's financial statements
to determine if the stock price is correctly valued.

6. overview
Fundamental analysis is the study of economic, industry, and
company conditions in an effort to determine the value of a
company's stock. Fundamental analysis typically focuses on key
statistics in a company's financial statements to determine if the
stock price is correctly valued.
They realize that some people will find a discussion on
fundamental analysis within a book on technical analysis peculiar,
but the two theories are not as different as many people believe. It
is quite popular to apply technical analysis to charts of
fundamental data, for example, to compare trends in interest rates
with changes in security prices. It is also popular to use
fundamental analysis to select securities and then use technical
analysis to time individual trades. Even diehard technicians can
benefit from an understanding of fundamental analysis (and vice
versa).
Interpretation
Most fundamental information focuses on economic, industry, and
company statistics. The typical approach to analyzing a company
involves four basic steps:
1) Determine the condition of the general economy.
2) Determine the condition of the industry.
3) Determine the condition of the company.

7. Economic Analysis
The economy is studied to determine if overall conditions are
good for the stock market. Is inflation a concern? Are interest
rates likely to rise or fall? Are consumers spending? Is the trade
balance favorable? Is the money supply expanding or
contracting? These are just some of the questions that the
fundamental analyst would ask to determine if economic
conditions are right for the stock market.
Industry Analysis
The company's industry obviously influences the outlook for the
company. Even the best stocks can post mediocre returns if they
are in an industry that is struggling. It is often said that a weak
stock in a strong industry is preferable to a strong stock in a weak
industry.
Company Analysis
After determining the economic and industry conditions, the
company itself is analyzed to determine its financial health. This is
usually done by studying the company's financial statements.
From these statements a number of useful ratios can be
calculated. The ratios fall under five main categories: profitability,
price, liquidity, leverage, and efficiency. When performing ratio
analysis on a company, the ratios should be compared to other
companies within the same or similar industry to get a feel for
what is considered "normal." At least one popular ratio from each
category is shown below.

8. Fundamental analysis of stocks in india
The process of fundamental analysis involves examining
the economic, financial & other qualitative as well as quantitative
factors related to a security so as to determine its intrinsic value.
While usually this method is used to evaluate the value of a
company’s stock, it can also be used for any kind of security, like
bonds or currency.
Fundamental analysis is also known as quantitative analysis and
involves delving into a company’s financial statements (such as
profit and loss account and balance sheet) in order to study the
various financial indicators (such as earnings, liabilities, revenues,
expenses and assets). Such an analysis is usually carried out by
brokers, analysts, and savvy investors.
Two approaches in fundamental analysis
While carrying out fundamental analysis, investors can use any of
the following approaches:
Top-down approach: in this approach, an analyst investigates
both national and international economic indicators, like energy
prices, gdp growth rates, inflation and interest rates. The analysis
of total sales, price levels and foreign competition in a sector is
also done in order to identify the best business in the sector.
Bottom-up approach: In this method, an analyst starts the
search with specific businesses, irrespective of the industry or
region.the analysis of a business health starts with financial
statement analysis that includes ratios. It looks at dividends
paid,operating cash flow,new equity issues and financing.

9. Fundamental analysis tool
These are the most popular tools of fundamental analysis. They
focus on earnings, growth, and value in the market. For
convenience, I have broken them into separate articles. Each
article discusses related ratios. There are links in each article to
the other articles and back to this article.
Earning per share: The overall earnings of a company are not
in itself a useful indicator of a particular stock's worth. Low
earnings and low outstanding shares could be more valuable than
high earnings along with a high number of outstanding shares.
The Earnings per share is much more practical information than
earnings by itself. Earnings per share (EPS) is arrived at by
dividing the net earnings by number of outstanding shares.
EPS = (NPAT- PD)/ NO.OF EQUITY SHARE
Price earnings ratio (P/E ratio):
The Price to Earnings Ratio (P/E) indicates the relationship
between stock prices and company earnings. It is computed by
dividing the share price by the Earnings per Share. The P/E
indicates how much investors are willing to pay for a particular
company's earnings. A high P/E can mean that the company is
overpriced or it could also mean that investors are expecting the
company to continue growing and generate profits.
P/E ratio = MPS/EPS

10. Dividend payout ratio: is calculated to find the extent to
which earnings per share have been used for paying dividend and
to know what portion of earnings has been retained in the
business.
It is an important ratio because ploughing back of profits enables
a company to grow and pay more dividends in future.
Dividend payout ratio= Dividend per share / EPS
Dividend yield ratio:
It is the relationship between dividends per share and the market
value of the shares. This measurement tells you what percentage
return a company pays out to shareholders in the form of
dividends. Older, well-established companies tend to payout a
higher percentage then do younger companies and their dividend
history can be more consistent.
Dividend yield ratio = DPS/MPS
Price to book ratio:
The P/B ratio is the value that the market places on book value of
the company and is calculated by dividing current price per share
by book value per share (i.e. book value / number of outstanding
shares).
Companies having a low P/B are good and often chosen by long
term investors who see the company’s potential.
P/B = Share Price / Book Value Per Share

11. Book value:
A company's book value is a price ratio calculated by dividing
total net assets (assets minus liabilities) by total shares
outstanding. Depending on the accounting methods used and the
age of the assets, book value can be helpful in determining if a
security is overpriced or under-priced. If a security is selling at a
price far below book value, it may be an indication that the
security is under-priced..
book value = assets – liability
price to sale:
One ratio you can use is Price to Sales or P/S ratio. This metric
looks at the current stock price relative to the total sales per
share. You calculate the P/S by dividing the market cap of the
stock by the total revenues of the company.you can also calculate
the P/S by dividing the current stock price by the sales per share.
P/S = Market Cap / Revenues
or
P/S = Stock Price / Sales Price Per Share

12. Fundamental Analysis :Qualitative factor- The
company
Business Model
Even before an investor looks at a company's financial
statements or does any research, one of the most important
questions that should be asked is: What exactly does the
company do? This is referred to as a company's business model
– it's how a company makes money
Sometimes business models are easy to understand. Take
McDonalds, for instance, which sells hamburgers, fries, soft
drinks, salads and whatever other new special they are promoting
at the time. It's a simple model, easy enough for anybody to
understand.
Competitive Advantage
Another business consideration for investors is competitive
advantage. A company's long-term success is driven largely by its
ability to maintain a competitive advantage - and keep it.. When a
company can achieve competitive advantage, its shareholders
can be well rewarded for decades.
Management
Just as an army needs a general to lead it to victory, a company
relies upon management to steer it towards financial success.
Some believe that management is the most important aspect for
investing in a company. This is one of the areas in which
individuals are truly at a disadvantage compared to professional
investors. On the other hand, if you are a fund manager interested
in investing millions of dollars, there is a good chance you can
schedule a face-to-face meeting with the upper brass of the firm.

13. Corporate Governance
Corporate governance describes the policies in place within an
organization denoting the relationships and responsibilities
between management, directors and stakeholders. These policies
are defined and determined in the company charter and its
bylaws, along with corporate laws and regulations. The purpose
of corporate governance policies is to ensure that proper checks
and balances are in place, making it more difficult for anyone to
conduct unethical and illegal activities.
a) Financial and Information Transparency
This aspect of governance relates to the quality and
timeliness of a company's financial disclosures and
operational happenings. Sufficient transparency implies that
a company's financial releases are written in a manner that
stakeholders can follow what management is doing and
therefore have a clear understanding of the company's
current financial situation.
b) Stakeholder Rights
This aspect of corporate governance examines the extent
that a company's policies are benefiting stakeholder
interests, notably shareholder interests. Therefore
companies with good governance give shareholders a
certain amount of ownership voting rights to call meetings to
discuss pressing issues with the board.

14. Fundamental Analysis: Qualitative Factors - The
Industry
Customers
Some companies serve only a handful of customers, while others
serve millions. In general, it's a red flag (a negative) if a business
relies on a small number of customers for a large portion of its
sales because the loss of each customer could dramatically affect
revenues. For example, think of a military supplier who has 100%
of its sales with the U.S. government. One change in government
policy could potentially wipe out all of its sales. For this reason,
companies will always disclose in their 10-K if any one customer
accounts for a majority of revenues.
Market Share
Understanding a company's present market share can tell
volumes about the company's business. The fact that a company
possesses an 85% market share tells you that it is the largest
player in its market by far. Furthermore, this could also suggest
that the company possesses some sort of "economic moat," in
other words, a competitive barrier serving to protect its current
and future earnings, along with its market share.
Market share is important because of economies of scale. When
the firm is bigger than the rest of its rivals, it is in a better position
to absorb the high fixed costs of a capital-intensive industry.

15. Industry Growth
One way of examining a company's growth potential is to first
examine whether the amount of customers in the overall market
will grow. This is crucial because without new customers, a
company has to steal market share in order to grow.
In some markets, there is zero or negative growth, a factor
demanding careful consideration. For example, a manufacturing
company dedicated solely to creating audio compact cassettes
might have been very successful in the '70s, '80s and early '90s.
However, that same company would probably have a rough time
now due to the advent of newer technologies, such as CDs and
MP3s. The current market for audio compact cassettes is only a
fraction of what it was during the peak of its popularity.
Competition
Simply looking at the number of competitors goes a long way in
understanding the competitive landscape for a company.
Industries that have limited barriers to entry and a large number of
competing firms create a difficult operating environment for firms.
One of the biggest risks within a highly competitive industry
is pricing power. This refers to the ability of a supplier to increase
prices and pass those costs on to customers. Companies
operating in industries with few alternatives have the ability to
pass on costs to their customers.
A great example of this is Wal-Mart. They are so dominant in the
retailing business, that Wal-Mart practically sets the price for any
of the suppliers wanting to do business with them. If you want to
sell to Wal-Mart, you have little, if any, pricing power.

16. Regulation
Certain industries are heavily regulated due to the importance or
severity of the industry's products and/or services. As important
as some of these regulations are to the public, they can drastically
affect the attractiveness of a company for investment purposes.
In industries where one or two companies represent the entire
industry for a region (such as utility companies), governments
usually specify how much profit each company can make. In
these instances, while there is the potential for sizable profits,
they are limited due to regulation.
In other industries, regulation can play a less direct role in
affecting industry pricing. For example, the drug industry is one of
most regulated industries. And for good reason - no one wants an
ineffective drug that causes deaths to reach the market. As a
result, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that
new drugs must pass a series of clinical trials before they can be
sold and distributed to the general public. However, the
consequence of all this testing is that it usually takes several
years and millions of dollars before a drug is approved. Keep in
mind that all these costs are above and beyond the millions that
the drug company has spent on research and development.

17. Fundamental Analysis: Introduction to Financial
Statements
Financial statements are the medium by which a company
discloses information concerning its financial performance.
Followers of fundamental analysis use the quantitative information
gleaned from financial statements to make investment decisions.
Before we jump into the specifics of the three most important
financial statements - income statements, balance
sheets and cash flow statements - we will briefly introduce each
financial statement's specific function, along with where they can
be found.
The Major Statements
The Balance Sheet
The balance sheet represents a record of a company's assets,
liabilities and equity at a particular point in time. The balance
sheet is named by the fact that a business's financial structure
balances in the following manner:
Assets = liability + shareholder’s equity
Assets represent the resources that the business owns or controls
at a given point in time. This includes items such as cash,
inventory, machinery and buildings. The other side of the equation
represents the total value of the financing the company has used
to acquire those assets. Financing comes as a result
of liabilities or equity. Liabilities represent debt (which of course
must be paid back), while equity represents the total value of
money that the owners have contributed to the business including retained earnings, which is the profit made in previous
years.

18. The Income Statement
The income statement measures a company's performance over
a specific time frame. The income statement presents information
about revenues, expenses and profit that was generated as a
result of the business' operations for that period.
Statement of Cash Flows
The statement of cash flows represents a record of a business'
cash inflows and outflows over a period of time. Typically, a
statement of cash flows focuses on the following cash-related
activities:
Operating Cash Flow (OCF): Cash generated from day-today business operations.
Cash from investing (CFI): Cash used for investing in
assets, as well as the proceeds from the sale of other
businesses, equipment or long-term assets.
Cash from financing (CFF): Cash paid or received from the
issuing and borrowing of funds.
The cash flow statement is important because it's very difficult for
a business to manipulate its cash situation. There is plenty that
aggressive accountants can do to manipulate earnings, but it's
tough to fake cash in the bank. For this reason some investors
use the cash flow statement as a more conservative measure of a
company's performance.

19. 10-K and 10-Q
Some other pieces of information that are also required are
an auditor's report, management discussion and analysis (MD&A)
and a relatively detailed description of the company's operations
and prospects for the upcoming year.
All of this information can be found in the business' annual 10K and quarterly 10-Q filings, which are released by the
company's management and can be found on the internet or in
physical form.
The 10-K is an annual filing that discloses a business's
performance over the course of the fiscal year. In addition to
finding a business's financial statements for the most recent year,
investors also have access to the business's historical financial
measures, along with information detailing the operations of the
business. This includes a lot of information, such as the number
of employees, biographies of upper management, risks, future
plans for growth, etc.
Businesses also release an annual report, which some people
also refer to as the 10-K. The annual report is essentially the 10-K
released in a fancier marketing format. It will include much of the
same information, but not all, that you can find in the 10-K. The
10-K really is boring - it's just pages and pages of numbers, text
and legalese. But just because it's boring doesn't mean it isn't
useful. There is a lot of good information in a 10-K, and it's
required reading for any serious investor.
You can think of the 10-Q filing as a smaller version of a 10-K. It
reports the company's performance after each fiscal quarter.
Each year three 10-Q filings are released - one for each of the
first three quarters. Unlike the 10-K filing, 10-Q filings are not
required to be audited

20. conclusion
Whenever you’re thinking of investing in a company it is vital that
you understand what it does, its market and the industry in which
it operates. You should never blindly invest in a company.
One of the most important areas for any investor to look at when
researching a company is the financial statements. It is essential
to understand the purpose of each part of these statements and
how to interpret them.