2. Content
Diabetes
Definition
Risk factors
Pathogenesis
Classification : proliferative / non-proliferative
Sign & symptoms
DDx & other ocular complication of DM Treatment
Prognosis and follow up
3. Group of common metabolic disorders
Caused by a complex interaction of genetics and environmental factors
Lack of insulin hyperglycemia
Diagnostic criteria : Fasting plasma glucose > 126 mg/dl
Type 1 DM – Insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM)
Results from pancreatic beta-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute or near total
insulin deficiency
Type 2 DM - Non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM)
Variable degrees of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, resulting in
hyperglycemia and other metabolic derangements due to insufficient insulin action.
Diabetic mellitus
5. Risk factor
• Duration of diabetes
• Most important
Pt diagnosed before age 30 yr
50% DR after 10 yrs
90% DR after 30 yrs
• Poor metabolic control
• Less important, but relevant to development and
progression of DR
HbA1c ass. With inc. risk
Pregnancy
Ass with rapid progression of DR
Predicating factors : poor pre-pregnancy control of DM
10. Sign of NPDR
• Microaneurysm
• Retinal haemorrhage
• “Dot or Blot” Spot
• “Flame or Splinter shape” haemorrhage
• Hard exudate
• Cotton wool Spot
• Venous beading
• Intra-retinal microvascular abnormalities
(IRMA)
11. microaneurysm
• These are the most characteristics of ocular lesions.
• It affects the smaller blood vessels by damaging the capillary wall.
• They found at macular area during fluorescein angiography.
• They are seen on at inner nuclear layer
• They looks like small, oval or round dilataion ranging from 20-200 micron in
size
12. Haemorrhages
Round-shaped ‘ dot and blot’ haemorrhages
occur due to rupture of micro aneurysms in the
inner nuclear layer
HARD EXUDATES:
these are seen all over the posterior pole.
They are white or yellow coloured , waxy looking patches
(hyaline and lipids Situated between the inner plexiform
and inner nuclear layer.
Hyperlipidemia may correlate with development of
exudates
13. Cotton wool
spots:
• White fluffy lesions in nerve fiber layer
• Result from occlusion of retinal pre-capillary arterioles
• Also called "soft exudates" or "nerve fiber layer
infarctions“
• Fluorescein angiography shows no capillary perfusion in
the area of the soft exudate
• Very common in DR, esp if pt with HT
14. irma
Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (or IRMAs)are shunt vessels and appear
as abnormal branching or dilation of existing blood vessels (capillaries) within
the retina that act to supply areas of non-perfusion in diabetic retinopathy. .
16. •ONLY ONE MICROANEURYSM
Mild NPDR
• More MICROANEURYSM
• Scattered hard exudates
• Cotton wool spots
Moderate NPDR
• 4-2-1
• rule4 quadrants of severe retinal hemorrhages
• 2 quadrants of venous beading
• 1 quadrant of IRMA
• Very severe NPDR more than 1 of above
Severe NPDR