3. Introduction
The musculoskeletal system consists of
the two different systems
1) skeleton ( bone )
2) muscular system( muscles )
The Human Skeletal system is the body
system composed of bones , tendons, and
ligaments and other tissues that perform
essential function for the human body.
4. This skeletal system can be divided into the
axial and appendicular systems. In an adult
body, it is mainly composed of 206
individual bones.
• BONE DEVELOPMENT AND
REMODELING TAKES PLACE IN A
CONTINUOUS BASIS. FROM
PRENATAL PERIOD TO EARLY
CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD.
5. Development of bone
( osteogenesis / ossification)
Osteogenesis /ossification :-
Formation of bone Corresponding Word is
-> assify Bone is Osseous tissue.
Os' is a synonym of bone
Process of Converting hyaline cartilage
and fibrous connective tissue, fibrous
membrane into bone
6. Types of bone cell:-
• Osteoblasts- Bone farming cells
• Osteocyts-Mature Osteoblasts that maintain
bone
• Osteoclasts :-Bone breaking cells (Maintain
Shope) Osteoclasts are one of the types of
bone cells that break down and reabsorb
bone tissue. These are important cells as they
are used to initiate bone remodelling.
8. Axial skeleton
•The axial skeleton runs along the body’s
central axis, therefore it is called the central
core of the human body. The axial skeleton is
composed of 80 bones and it consists of:
•Skull Bone – It includes 8 cranial bones, 14
facial bones, 6 auditory ossicles, and the Hyoid
Bone
9. •The bone of the Thoracic Cage –
It includes 25 bones of the
thorax- a breastbone and 24
ribs.
•The bone of the Vertebral
column- It includes 24 vertebrae
bones, the sacrum bone, and
the coccyx bone.
Cranium
Thoracic
cage
Vertebrae bones
Sacrum
Coccyx
10. Skull:-
Cranium :-
The portion of the skull that encloses the brain.
It includes 8 cranial bones, which enclose and protect
the brain.8 cranial bones ure 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1
frontal, I occipital. 1 ethmoid, I sphenoid bone.
Frontal bone (forehead bone) forms the forehead,
parietal bone forms roof & sides, temporal bone
forms inferior &
lateral part and occipital bone forms posterior and
most of the base of cranium.
11. • The opening in the occipital bone through
which the spinal cord passes from the brain
called foramen magnum
12. • Sutures of skull bone :-
There are 4 type of suture
• Coronal suture-A suture unite frontal bone with
both parietal bones:
• Sagittal suture-A suture unite both parietal bones
at superior midline of the skull.
Lambdoid suture-A suture unite both parietal
bones with occipal bone framed hit is like
lambda
13. • Squamous suture-A suture unite parietal
booo with temporal bone in the lateral
aspects of the skull
Picture
14. Face:-
The skeleton of face is formed by 14 bones Nasal
Zygomatic bone (2)-It also called cheekbone or malar
bone. It forms prominence of the cheeks
Lacrimal bone (2)-These are smallest bone of face. It is
posterior to nasal bone and form medial wall of each
obital cavity
Vomer (5)-It forms the lower and posterior portion of
the nasal septum,
15.
16. Thoracic cavity :-
•The thoracic cavity also known as the chest
cavity is the hollow space in the body that
protects the lungs, heart, tracheobronchial
tree, and other organs.
•The thoracic cavity consists of the thoracic
cage that is made up of the sternum and 12
pairs of ribs that support and protect all the
organs contained within the thoracic cavity.
17. Mandible (1)-It also called lower jaw bone. It is
largest or strongest facial bone. It is the only
movable skull bone bone
Inferior nasal conchae (2)-It forms part of lateral wa
of nasal cavity.
Maxillae (2) - Parrod maxillac units to form the
upper jaw bone. It articulates with every hone of
face except mandible
Palatine bone (2)-it forms the posterior part of the
hard palate and lateral nasul wall
18.
19. Vertebrae column j
• It also called spine, back bone or spinal columns
• Vertebral column composed by a series of bones
called vertebrae
• The length of the column in average adult male is
about 71cm and 61 cm in average adult female. The
sacral and coccygeal vertebrae that fuse to form the
sacrum and coccyx called fixed vertebra (false
vertebra).
20. The vanchrae that remain unfused through life the
cervical, thoracic, and lumbar called true vertebra
Adul vertebral column contami 26 vertebrae infant
and children have 33 vertebrae)
21. • 7 Cervical vertebrae-It
form neck
• 12 Thoracic vertebrae It
forms posterio part of
thoracic cavity
• 3 Lumbar vertebrae-It
support the lower back. 1
Sacrum-It consist of 5
fused sacral vertebrae.
• 1 Coccyx-It consist of 4
fasod coccygeal vertebrae
22. Appendicular skeleton
• The appendicular skeleton is composed of
126 bones and it comprises of the-
• Pelvic girdle
• Upper Limbs
• Lower Limbs
• Shoulder Girdle
27. Humerus
• This is the bone of the upper arm. The head
sits within the glenoid cavity of the scapula,
forming the shoulder joint. Distal to the
head are two projections of bone, the
greater and lesser tubercles, and between
them there is a deep groove, the bicipital
groove , occupied by one of the tendons of
the biceps muscle.
• The distal end of the bone presents two surfaces that
articulate with the radius and ulna to form the elbow
joint.
28. Radius and ulna
• These are the two bones of the forearm. The
ulna is longer than and medial to the radius and
when the arm is in the anatomical position, with
the palm of the hand facing forward, the two
bones are parallel. They articulate with the
humerus at the elbow joint, the carpal bones at
the wrist joint and with each other at the
proximal and distal radioulnar joints.
29. Wrist ( carpal bones )
• There are eight carpal bones
arranged in two rows of four
• proximal row: scaphoid, lunate,
triquetrum, pisiform
• distal row: trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate, hamate.
30. • These bones are closely fitted together and held in
position by ligaments that allow a limited amount of
movement between them. The bones of the
proximal row are associated with the wrist joint and
those of the distal row form joints with the
metacarpal bones. Tendons of muscles lying in the
forearm cross the wrist and are held close to the
bones by strong fibrous bands, called retinacula
31. Metacarpals
• These five bones form the palm of the hand.
They are numbered from the thumb side
inwards. The proximal ends articulate with the
carpal bones and the distal ends with the
phalanges.
32. Phalanges ( fingerbones)
• There are 14 phalanges, three in each finger
and two in the thumb. They articulate with
the metacarpal bones and with each other,
by hinge joints.
34. Femur
• The femur is the longest and
heaviest bone of the body.
The head is almost spherical
and fits into the acetabulum
of the hip bone to form the
hip joint. The neck extends
outwards and slightly
downwards from the head to
the shaft and most of it is
within the capsule of the hip
joint.
35. • The distal extremity has two articular
condyles, which, with the tibia and patella,
form the knee joint.
36. Tibia
• The tibia is the medial of the
two bones of the lower leg. The
proximal extremity is broad and
flat and presents two condyles
for articulation with the femur
at the knee joint. The head of
the fibula articulates with the
inferior aspect of the lateral
condyle, forming the proximal
tibiofibular joint.
37. • The distal extremity of the tibia forms the
ankle joint with the talus and the fibula. The
medial malleolus is a downward projection
of bone medial to the ankle joint.
38. fibula
• The fibula is the long slender
lateral bone in the leg. The
head or upper extremity
articulates with the lateral
condyle of the tibia, forming
the proximal tibiofibular joint,
and the lower extremity
articulates with the tibia, and
projects beyond it to form the
lateral malleolus. This helps to
stabilise the ankle joint.
39. Patela
This is a roughly triangular-
shaped sesamoid bone
associated with the knee joint.
Its posterior surface articulates
with the patellar surface of the
femur in the knee joint and its
anterior surface is in the
patellar tendon, i.e. the
tendon of the quadriceps
femoris muscle.
40. Tarsal
The seven tarsal bones forming the posterior part
of the foot (ankle) are the talus, calcaneus,
navicular, cuboid and three cuneiform bones. The
talus articulates with the tibia and fibula at the
ankle joint. The calcaneus forms the heel of the
foot. The other bones articulate with each other
and with the metatarsal bones.
41. Metatarsals
• which form the greater
part of the dorsum of the
foot. At their proximal
ends they articulate with
the tarsal bones and at
their distal ends, with the
phalanges. The enlarged
distal head of the 1st
metatarsal bone forms the
‘ball’ of the foot.
42. Phalanges
The phalanges are long bones in the foot located
distal to the metatarsals. Like in the hand,
43. Shoulder Girdle
• The shoulder girdle consists of two scapulae and
two clavicles.
Clavicle (collar bone)
• The clavicle is an S-shaped long bone. It articulates
with the manubrium of the sternum at the
sternoclavicular joint and forms the
acromioclavicular joint with the acromion process
44. Scapula
The scapula is a flat triangular-
shaped bone, lying on the
posterior chest wall superficial to
the ribs and separated from them
by muscles.
At the lateral angle is a shallow
articular surface, the glenoid
cavity, which, with the head of
the humerus, forms the shoulder
joint.
45. • On the posterior surface runs a rough
ridge called the spine, which extends
beyond the lateral border of the
scapula and overhangs the glenoid
cavity. The prominent overhang,
which can be felt through the skin as
the highest point of the shoulder, is
called the acromion process and
forms a joint with the clavicle, the
acromioclavicular joint, a slightly
movable synovial joint that
contributes to the mobility of the
shoulder girdle. The coracoid process,
a projection from the upper border
of the bone, gives attachment to
muscles that move the shoulder
joint.
46. Types of bone
Long bone
Flat bone Short bone
Irregular
bone
Sesamoid
bone
47. Long bone
Long bones are bones that are longer than
they are wide. The mid section of the long
bone is also contains bone marrow
Examples of the long bones in humans
include the femur, tibia, and fibula of the
legs; humerus, radius and ulna of the arms;
clavicle (collar bone), metatarsals and
metacarpals of the feet.
48.
49. Short bone
Short bones are the ones that are as long as
they are wide. They are cube shaped bones
that have a thin cortical layer and a thick
spongy interior.
Examples of short bones include tarsals and
carpals in the foot and hand, respectively.
50. Flat bone
Flat bones are thin and curved bones that are
composed of spongy cancellous tissue
sandwiched between two thin layers of
cortical bone.
They usually form broad, flat plates as in the
sternum, cranium (skull), rib cage and ilium
(pelvis).
51. Sesamoid bone
Sesamoid bones are the
bones that are
embedded in the
tendons or muscles. The
patella of the knee and
pisiform of the wrist are
two examples of
sesamoid bones.
52. Irregular bone
Irregular bones vary in shape and structure and
therefore do not fit into any other category (flat
short, long, or sesamoid). They often have a
fairly complex shape, which helps protect
internal organs.
53. Physiology of skeleton
system
• The primary functions of the skeletal system
include movement, support, protection
production of blood cells, storage of
minerals.
54. Shape AND Support
The primary function of the skeletal system
is to provide a solid framework to support
and safeguard the human body and its
organs. This helps in maintaining the overall
shape of the human body.
55. Protection
The skeletal system also helps to protect our
internal organs and other delicate body
organs, including the brain, heart, lungs and
spinal cord by acting as a buffer. Our cranium
(skull) protects our brain and eyes, the ribs
protect our heart and lungs and our
vertebrae (spine, backbones) protect our
spinal cord.
56. Movement
The skeletal system also helps to protect our
internal organs and other delicate body
organs, including the brain, heart, lungs and
spinal cord by acting as a buffer. Our cranium
(skull) protects our brain and eyes, the ribs
protect our heart and lungs and our
vertebrae (spine, backbones) protect our
spinal cord.
57. Storage and mineralization
The bone matrix of the skeletal system is
mainly involved in storing or preserving
different types of essential minerals which
are required to facilitate growth and repair of
the body cells and tissues. The cell-matrix
acts as our calcium bank by storing and
releasing calcium ions into the blood cell
when required.
58. Questions and answers
How many bones present in adult ?
What is meaning of Ossification ?
Types of bone cell ?
How many bone spresent in axial skeleton
??
59. Sacrum consist of how many bones ?
Listout the name of skull bone ?
which are the example of long bone ??
Examples of sesamoid bone ??
