1. SEMINAR
ANJU.P
ROLL NO :3
SIF CUSAT

2. ECOSYSTEM BASED
FISHERIES
MANAGEMENT (EBFM)
.

4. .
what is ecosystem based fisheries management?
How it is different from conventional approach of
fisheries management?
what is the need of EBFM?
what is the principles of EBFM?
What is the goal of EBFM?
what all are the strategies of EBFM?
what all are the tools for EBFM?
how EBFM is implemented ?
what all are the merits of EBFM?
what all are the demerits of EBFM?
what all are the examples in national level
what is example from international level

5. The phrase 'Ecosystem Approach' was first coined in the early
.
80s, but found formal acceptance at the Earth Summit in Rio in
1992 where it became an underpinning concept of the
Convention on Biological Diversity, and was later described as:
'a strategy for the integrated
management of land, water and
living resources that promotes
conservation and sustainable use in
an equitable way.'

6. what is ecosystem based fisheries
management?
ecosystem
.
EBFM
Fisheries
management

7. • Aquatic ecosystems, including rivers, lakes and
.
inland seas, flood plains, coastal lagoons and
estuaries, coastal shelves and open oceans cover
a very large part of the earth's surface
and, among other amenities, goods and
services, sustain the production of fisheries and
aquaculture. They yield about 120 million tonnes
of fish and fishery products per year - the largest
source of wild protein - and provide a livelihood
to as many as 140 million people. Fisheries and
aquaculture exploit a large diversity or organisms
ranging from algae, ascidians and sea-cucumbers
to mollusks, crustaceans, fish and marine
mammals.

8. EBFM is defined by Ward et al. (2002) as "an
extension of conventional fisheries management
recognizing more explicitly the interdependence
between human well-being and ecosystem health
and the need to maintain.ecosystems productivity
for present and future generations, e.g.
conserving critical habitats, reducing pollution and
degradation, minimizing waste, protecting
endangered species". The Reykjavik FAO Expert
Consultation (FAO, 2003)

9. The term has been defined (US National Research Council, 1998) as
"an approach that takes major ecosystem components and services -
both structural and functional - into account in managing fisheries...
It values habitat, embraces a multispecies perspective, and is
committed to understanding ecosystem processes... Its goal is to
rebuild and sustain populations, species, biological communities and
marine ecosystems at high levels of productivity and biological
.
diversity so as not to jeopardize a wide range of goods and services
from marine ecosystems while providing food, revenues and
recreation for humans". The term puts the focus for management on
the users. What is managed is the economic activity. The term did
not meet with consensus at the 2001 FAO Reykjavik
Conference, possibly because some countries took it as implying that
the "ecosystem" would become the new "foundation" of fisheries
management. This may have been interpreted as giving to
environmental considerations pre-eminence over socio-economic
and cultural ones, raising concern about equity, political as well as
socio-economic costs and feasibility

10. An ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management
addresses human activities and environmental factors
that affect an ecosystem, the response of the ecosystem, and the
outcomes in terms of benefits and impacts on
humans. Human activities include commercial and recreational
activities from which coastal communities derive
income, pleasure, and cultural identity. Human benefits and
impacts can also include non-consumptive values
arising from nature watching, or the value that an inland
resident may place on knowing that an ecosystem is
healthy.

11. A quick recap of EBFM history
1987 – NMFS Program Development Plan for Ecosystem Monitoring and Fisheries
Management. (Died)
1999 – Ecosystem Principles Advisory Panel (EPAP) Report at the request of
Congress recommending that regional fishery management councils develop a
Congress recommending that regional fishery management councils develop
afisheries ecosystem plan (FEP) for every ecosystem under their jurisdiction.
2001 – The NOAA Marine Fisheries Advisory Panel considers EBM and
recommends pilot projects to develop FEPs.
2004 – Congress appropriates $2M for use by four Atlantic fisheries councils and
commissions for EBM pilot workshops. (Summaries of each workshop available)
2004 – Pew Ocean Commission and President’s Ocean Policy Task Force reports
issued and EBM highlighted.
2005 – NMFS proposed MSA reauthorization language for development of FEPs.
2006 – Congress does not adopt specific EBFM provisions – NMFS focuses on
ACL’s.
2009-10 – With ACLs underway, NMFS Sustainable Fisheries is reviewing EBFM
implementation again.

12. Relevant international agreements and frameworks
1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
1972 Stockholm Declaration of the UN Conference on the Human Development
1973 Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
Fauna (CITES)
1979 Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
1980 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
1991 Global Environment Facility (GEF)
1992 Declaration of the UN Conference on Environment and Development
1992 Helsinki Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)
1992 UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
1995 UN Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks
1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
Convention on Biological Diversity
Jakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)
UNEP Regional Seas Conventions
2001 Reykjavik Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem
2002 Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development.

13. How EBFM is different from
conventional approach of
fisheries management?
.

15. what is the need of EBFM?
. FISHERIES IMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM
 Marine Pollution Drainage, Sewage, Eutrophication And Subsequent
Oxygen Depletion (Jackson Et Al., 2001)From Aquaculture As Well As Sea
Food Companies.
 Gear Loss And Ghost Fishing
Over Exploitation
 Release Excess Nutrients (E.G. Nitrates, Phosphorus) As Well As
Contaminants (E.G. Polychlorinated Biphenyls
(Pcbs), Mercury, Dioxin), Radioactive Wastes, Oil, Antifouling Paints
(Tributyl Tin)
Blast Fishing" Is Still Common In Parts Of Asia, Africa, Caribbean And
South Pacific
 Excessive Trawling Sea bed was disturbed
Poor Selectivity, Bycatch And Discards
 dumping Human Pathogens (E.G. Cholera, Salmonella), Plastic And

16. Conventional fisheries management focuses on a single species or
stock and generally assumes that the productivity of that stock is a
function only of its inherent population characteristics. Following this
model, fisheries management has, at best, only been partially
successful. Major problems have emerged due to uncertainty ofthe
status and dynamics of the stock; a tendency to give priority to short-
term social and economic needs versus long-term sustainability of the
stock; and poorly defined and often conflicting objectives and
institutional weaknesses . To address these concerns, discussions of
marine ecosystems now recognize that they are composed of both
natural and human elements. Fish populations are one portion of
complex marine ecosystems that are affected by many natural and
human induced factors. In turn, fisheries should be considered as
systems in which social systems and ecological systems are in fact
linked. This perspective calls for a new way of managing fisheries, that
is, through an ecosystem-based approach.

17. what is the principles of EBFM?
Human and Ecosystem Well-being
 Resource Scarcity
Maximum Acceptable Fishing Level
Maximum Biological Productivity
Impact Reversibility
 Impact Minimization
Rebuilding of Resources
 Ecosystem Integrity
Species Interdependence
 Institutional Integration
 Uncertainty, Risk and Precaution
 Compatibility of Management Measures

18. The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)
The User Pays Principle (UPP)
The Precautionary Principle and Precautionary
Approach
Subsidiary, Decentralization and Participation
.
 Equity

19. The goal of ecosystem-based
fisheries management
to maintain ecosystem health, integrity and sustainability.
protect the productive potential of the system other than protecting an individual
species or stock as a resource.
sustainability means restorthose degraded parts of the ecosystem
make decision regarding balancing human needs with resource productivity
requirements.
The ecosystem approach also recognizes the complexity and uncertainty in predicting
responses to management Actions
•Species sustainability Keeping biomass levels above levels where recruitment could
be affected
•Ecosystem sustainability Ensuring that any impacts on ecosystem structure and
function are kept at acceptable levels
•optimize the economic benefits to the community .
• optimize the social amenity (i.e. non-economic benefits) derived by the community
•minimize the Social impacts and negative attitudes associated the management of
these resources .

20. what all are the strategies of
EBFM?
For Enhancing Intra- and Inter-Agency Cooperation and Communication
Integrate ecological, political, legal, and administrative information that is
collected by the various local, state, and federal agencies in performing their
missions and affects fishery management options through proactive
interagency coordination and cooperation.
For Delineating Geographic Area(s) of the Ecosystem Identify and describe
the geographical area of the ecosystem or eco-region subset to be
addressed, using biological, chemical, and physical parameters to the extent
possible
. for Preparation of Quantified Natural Resource Goals and Objectives
(Description of Desired Future Conditions) · Use an open and public process to
develop general goals and specific objectives that describe the “desired future
condition” of the ecosystem and its major component parts (Sissenwine and
Mace 2002). Identify and define tolerance limits for the evolving or functional
ecosystem within an acceptable range of fluctuations similar to natural historic
conditions. Develop a process for evolving policy, direction, and resource
objectives as well as an institutional process for evolving implementation

21. For Identify and Apply Specific Indicators Identify specific
.
indicators of ecosystem condition and integrity and evaluate their
effectiveness in conserving ecosystems and their natural resources
(FAO #8 1999; Jamieson et al. 2001). Those indicators are part of a
precautionary approach that accommodates natural variability, our
incomplete understanding of ecosystem structure and function, and
the direct and indirect effects of fishing on natural ecosystems. Use
this information to create an institutional definition and
interpretation of the “precautionary approach” and how it should be
employed in ecosystem based management approaches. Assess how
(or whether) the precautionary approach currently is being employed
and make recommendations to Congress on the need for legislation.
For Socio-Economic Data to Evaluate Management Tradeoffs While
conserving natural resources and protecting biodiversity, optimize
social and economic benefits, and minimize negative social and
economic impacts to communities through a better understanding
and integration of the human dimension of fisheries management.

22. what all are the tools for EBFM

23. ECOPATH
ECOSIM EBFM ECOSPACE
marine
protected
areas

24. Ecosim
• What distinguishes ECOSIM from existing systems is its capability
to allow an integrated quantitative and qualitative analysis of the
environment in urban and industrial areas across different
environmental domains and sub-domains. In addition to the state
of the environment in each domain, the interrelations between
the domains and their dynamic behavior is exploited.
Therefore, the individual domains are linked together on large
scales and the available multi-media data sources and modeling
results are cross-calibrated.
• For instance, the system at each local site includes the following
numerical modeling tools, which are connected on-line to the
users individual monitoring networks:
• meteorological forecasting model;
• air chemistry and dispersion model;
• ground and surface water quality model;
• coastal water pollution model.

25. ECOPATH
• Ecologists use path models to estimate the direction and
strength of all factors that influence the way ecosystems
function. The original ECOPATH model described energy
flow through the coral reef food web. Starting at the top of
the food chain, scientists tracked tiger sharks to determine
what and how much they consumed. They extended their
observations to other members of the food chain all the
way down to algae, simple plants known as primary
producers in the parlance of ecological science. Path
models allow scientists to calculate direct and indirect
effects from a multitude of ecosystem
components, providing them with the first means to model
an ecosystem’s true complexity.

26. ECOSPACE
• Ecospace is a dynamic, spatial version of Ecopath, incorporating all key
elements of Ecosim. It relies on benthic habitat information derived from a
geographic information system and explicit links between biomass groups
and preferred habitat types. With the already established values of
fishing, trophic and physical interactions in Ecopath and Ecosim, Ecospace
allows the user to establish species-habitat associations, rates of dispersal
and migration as well as examine how spatially-located marine managed
areas affect biomasses through time. It works by dynamically allocating
biomass across a user-defined grid map while accounting for:
• Symmetrical movements from a cell to its four adjacent cells modified by
whether a cell is defined as “preferred habitat” or not
• User-defined increased predation risk and reduced feeding rate in non-
preferred habitat
• A level of fishing effort that is proportional, in each cell, to the overall
probability of fishing in that cell, and whose distribution is sensitive to
spatial fishing costs
• Ecospace allows users to explore the potential role of Marine Protected
Areas (MPAs) and other spatially-explicit policies as tools to manage
fisheries and the various ecosystem effects of fishing.

27. Marine protected areas

28. Marine Protected Areas of the World

29. What are Protected Areas?
According to the UNEP (United Nations Environment
Programme )
a protected area is defined as:
an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to
the protection and maintenance of biological
diversity and of natural and associated cultural
resources, managed through legal or other effective
means. (http://www.unep-wcmc.org)

30. What is a Marine Protected Area?
The US Government defines a Marine Protected Area is
defined as:
any area of the marine environment that has been
reserved by Federal, State, territorial, tribal, or local laws
or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all
of the natural and cultural resources therein.
(Executive Order 13158, May 26, 2000)

31. .• The term MPA has been used in many
ways.
• MPAs serve many different purposes and
have been established for a variety of
reasons under many different laws and
programs.
• The perceptions on the value and use of
MPAs also varies.

32. “An area of land and/or sea . especially dedicated to the
protection of biological diversity and natural and
associated cultural resources, and managed through
legal or other effective means (IUCN International
Union for Conservation of Nature 1996).”
Benefits provided by protected areas
– Conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity
– Recreation
– Prevention of erosion on watersheds
– Provision of clean water to cities
– Provision of clean air
– Control of biological pests
– Preservation of medicinal and genetic resources
– Maintenance of harvestable resources
– Soil regeneration
– Nutrient cycling
– Carbon sequestration/climatic regulation

33. IUCN’s* types of mpa
Category I. Strict Nature Reserve: managed for science or wilderness
Category II. National Park: managed primarily for ecosystem protection
and recreation
Category III. Natural Monument: managed primarily for conservation of
specific natural features
Category IV. Habitat/Species Management Area: managed for
conservation through active intervention
Category V. Protected Landscape/Seascape: Managed for cultural and
scenic integrity, conservation, and recreation; human
settlements and agricultural areas are accommodated
Category VI. Managed Resource Protected Area: Managed primarily for the
sustainable use of ecosystems
IUCN = The World Conservation Union, previously
known as the International Union for the Conservation
of Nature

35. Implementation of MPA
Step 1. Select an ecologically meaningful unit (e.g. an ecoregion, a
landscape, a watershed, etc.)
Step 2. Conduct an integrated assessment, consisting of:
- An ecological assessment
a) Terrestrial
b) Aquatic
- A Socio-economic assessment
- An integrated analysis of the first two components
Step 3 Develop a range of management alternatives
 Determine the “Desired Future Condition”
Step 4. Select an alternative, then implement it.
Step 5. Monitor

36. A Few Highlighted
•
Achievements conflict
Co-existence of users with minimal
• Increases in fish stocks in marine reserves and fishing
areas and reflection of these increases in fishermen’s
catches
• Self-sustainability with regards to operating costs
• International recognition
• Community support
• Enhanced awareness and sensitization 36

41. how it EBFM implemented?
implementation involves 5 steps, but 3 steps are explained
because it is unique to the EBFM
Step 1— determine the scope of the
assessment
Step 2—asset and issue identification
Step 3—prioritising issues

44. what all are the meritsfrom aEBFM? of
• Potential simplification of management in moving
of large number
stock-based management plans to fewer integrated plans for ecologically defined
areas
• More effective coordination of management actions for fisheries, protected
resource species, biodiversity conservation, and habitat protection
• Direct accounting for fishery interactions (e.g., bycatch) and biological
considerations (e.g., predation, biodiversity, habitat requirements, protected
resources) along with climate change and environmental variability within a single
framework
• Consideration of biological constraints on simultaneous efforts to rebuild
stocks to long-term target levels and evaluation of compatibility with stock–
specific recovery plans
• Increased stewardship from broader participation of stakeholders, wider
sharing of ecological and fisheries knowledge, and greater opportunities for
developing place-based governance approaches and co-management
• Potential for greater stability and predictability by focusing on higher-level
ecosystem processes, resulting in more predictable planning horizons for the
fishing industry

45. what all are the demerits of EBFM?
EBFM is by no means a well-defined process with set protocols and formulas.
The complexity of ecosystems makes this impossible. Understanding how an
ecosystem functions is an enormous challenge in itself - complex food webs are
difficult to comprehend, natural fluctuations in temperature and currents affect
population levels and distributions, and ecosystems vary greatly based on location
and proximity to shore (Hayden and Conkling, 2007). Developing effective
policies will remain difficult, since understanding ecosystem dynamics is
extremely hard.
Another problem is that EBFM cannot work without up-to-date scientific
data on population levels and ecosystem conditions.
involves heavy expenditure of money
EBFM is complicated by the fact that ecosystems do not follow jurisdictional
boundaries that humans have established (Ecosystem Principles Advisory
Panel, 1998). Marine policy is implemented in artificially bounded jurisdictional
regions, while ecosystems readily cross these boundaries. Effective EBFM policy
will require significant regional and international cooperation.

46. CASE STUDY
.

47. ICELAND, WHALING
AND ECOSYSTEM
BASED FISHERIES
MANAGEMENT
.

51.  Iceland people and fishery both are greatly
depends up on fisheries sector
 most of the time the island fisheries seen to be
healthy comparing to the world.
 because here the annual quotas for fishing are
based on scientist assessment about stock.
. council for exploration
 in recent years international
of the sea found out that Iceland cod,caplin and
haddock are over exploited
 Iceland scientist found the statement as true after
taking samples
 so the govt. reduced the fishing quota for cod and
haddock

52.  UK marine conservation society took an
independent decision to cut short cod and haddock
quota delivering to British consumers.
 and tat is proven to be a very good step towards
sustainability
.
 in 2006 the Iceland people restarted whaling with
much lesser catching than fixed quota.
 in 2007 the boat owners said that the quota for
whale hunting should be increased because whales
are eating most of the remaining cod and haddock
which are economically important
 the mink whaler association also the argument
supported with scientific explanation.

53.  on July 2007 the quotas for culling of whale didn’t
exceeded. They thought it is not ethical.
 they have collected field data, non manipulated
study, and natural experiment .
They applied classical fishery, biological
.
oceanography traditional as well as scientific
knowledge for decision making.
 after 2006 the number of mink whales are
decreased but with that Icelandic dolphin and some
fishes are also decreased
 but it’s a fact that the number of Icelandic haddock
caplin and cod increased considerably.

54. on 2010 they completely implemented EBFM in to
their fisheries sector
 they managed the fisheries in order to maintain
ecosystem health
.

55. TROPHIC MODEL OF THE
.
ARABIAN SEA OFF
KARNATAKA , CMFRI

56.  after the conference on responsible fishery in
marine ecosystem held in 2001. CMFRI took initiative
of implementing EBFM
 the scientist are appointed for predicting
sustainable catch rate
 2 tools are used ECOPATH :- studies the interaction
of species in an ecosystem,. ECOSIM :- calculate the
corresponding changes in biomass of each component when the fishing
mortality of any particular group is altered.
 ICAR have given the fund
 ewe software used and constructed in an area of
27000km2 and 24 functional ecological groups from
the predators like marine mammals , shark to micro
zooplankton.

57.  estimation is done for
• biomass
• biomass ratio
•Consumption rate
•Diet composition
.
 based on the gross efficiency value of the
ecosystem . It can be classified as an ecosystem which
has not yet reached or achieved the full maturity.

59.  by the realization that catch is going stagnant now
a days so CMFRI now giving more push to change
conventional fisheries on to the track of EBFM.
trawl ban become compulsory
several programs organized to protect breeding and
nursery ground
.
limit the marine pollution
Giving more stress to aquaculture than capture
fisheries
costal habitat conservation by the participation of
people
Made catching rate for almost all species of
economically important fishes

60. We can say EBFM is in an initial stage in India since
Indian people are poor and they often doesn't
understand the relevance for EBFM, with that
corruption in the system also plays a crucial role in the
delay of implementation. Increase in the non
registered boats is an another problem .
.

61. conclusion
.

62. The ecosystem-based approach to fisheries
management sees the linkages. between human and
natural systems and recognizes the need for
management approaches that address these linkages.
It is also an approach with a human face and a people
focus – fishermen and fishing communities. It will
require creativity and innovation. Combinations of
both tried and true and new and unfamiliar
management approaches will be used. There will be
learning and adaptation. The communities of
fishermen, resource managers and researchers will
need to work together to decide the best combination
of approaches to address their situation.

63. Fisheries scientists and managers are beginning to
grasp the potential of ecosystem-based fishery
management to improve the sustainability of
fisheries resources. The benefits of adopting
ecosystem-based fishery management and
research are more sustainable fisheries and
marine ecosystems, as well as more economically-
healthy coastal communities

64. .

65. REFERENCE

66. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-2518
http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2090e/i2090e.pdf
www.ecopath.org
http://www.ess.co.at/ECOSIM/models.html
http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs/ecopath/welcom
e.html
http://www.envfor.nic.in/divisions/cs/mangroves/NSAP/Annexure%20I
V.pdf .
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/reg_svcs/Councils/Training2012/O_Ec
o_FishManagement.pdf
http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2011/finalwebsite/solutions/fman
agement.shtml
http://people.stfx.ca/x2008/x2008ncw/2012/Marine%20Policy%20(200
5-
2011)/An%20evaluation%20of%20progress%20in%20implementing%20
ecosystembased%20management%20of%20fisheries%20in%2033%20co
untries%20(2009).pdf

67. http://www.journalogy.net/Publication/40560348/understanding-
marine-ecosystem-based-management-a-literature-review
http://jem.forrex.org/index.php/jem/article/viewFile/142/460
http://www.meece.eu/highlights/balticcod.pdf
http://www.packard.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Synthesis-
Report-for-the-EBM-Initiative.pdf
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Ecosystem-
.
based%20fisheries%20management.pdf
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT. Marine protected areas and fisheries FAO
GUILDLINE FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES 4
http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/4271/1/IJMS%2032(3)
%20226-233.pdf
http://chesapeakebay.noaa.gov/images/stories/pdf/FEP_FINAL.pdf
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/EPAPrpt.pdf
Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Dr. Robert Pomeroy
University of Connecticut

68. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/ocs/mafac/meetings/2003_05/mafac_rev
_5th_7Finalwref.pdf
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/sars/improvement/pdfs/meaning.pdf
http://cpps.dyndns.info/cpps-docs-web/subsec/proc-
ord/docs/PO/info/03.05.DI.SPO%20An%20Ecosystem%20Based%20Fish
eries%20Management%20framework.%20Fletcher.pdf
http://www.wamsi.org.au/sites/default/files/Project%204.1%20Ecosys
.
tem%20Based%20Fisheries%20Management%20case%20study%20repo
rt.pdf
SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES PERSPECTIVES ON AN ECOSYSTEM-BASED
APPROACH TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT Sebastian MATHEW
http://www.wamsi.org.au/sites/default/files/Project%204.1%20Ecosys
tem%20Based%20Fisheries%20Management%20case%20study%20repo
rt.pdf
 www.fao.org

69. thank you for your
kind attention