This is best pdf of cse

1. D
B
M
S

2. Topics to be covered
• Introduction to DataBase
• Purpose of DataBase systems
• Components of DBMS
• Applications of DBMS

3. Introduction to DataBase
• An organized collection of data
• An electronic system that allows data to be easily
accessed, manipulated and updated
• A software package designed to define, manipulate,
retrieve and manage data in a database.

4. Introduction to DataBase

5. DBMS Definition
• A database management system (DBMS) is system
software for creating and managing databases. The
DBMS provides users and programmers with a
systematic way to create, retrieve, update and
manage data.
• Database management system is software that is
used to manage the database.

7. DBMS
7
• Database Management System
• Term Database requires understanding of data
and information
• Data: It can be anything like name, place or
number, etc. Data usually refers to raw data, or
unprocessed data.
• Information: It is organized or classified data so
that it has some meaningful values to the receiver.
– Information is the processed data on which decisions
and actions are based.

8. Difference between
Data and
Information?
8

9. Data Information
Data is raw facts and figures Information is a processed form of data
For example: 12 is data For example: When 12 is stored in row
column form as shown it is information.
Age 12
Data are atomic level pieces of
information
Information is a collection of data
Data does not help in decision making Information helps in decision making
9

10. Database
10
• A database is a shared collection of logically
related data designed to meet the information
needs of an organization
• The related information when placed is an
organized form makes a database.
• The organization of data/information is
necessary because unorganized information
has no meaning.

11. What is Database
• The database is a collection of inter-related data
which is used to retrieve, insert and delete the data
efficiently. It is also used to organize the data in the
form of a table, schema, views, and reports, etc.
• For example: The college Database organizes the
data about the admin, staff, students and faculty etc.
• Using the database, user can easily retrieve, insert,
and delete the information.

12. Types of Databases
• Hierarchical DBMS
• Network DBMS
• Relational DBMS
• Object-Oriented Model

13. Hierarchical DBMS
• Hierarchical - this type of DBMS employs the
"parent-child" relationship of storing data. This type of
DBMS is rarely used nowadays. Its structure is like a
tree with nodes representing records and branches
representing fields. The windows registry used in
Windows XP is an example of a hierarchical
database. Configuration settings are stored as tree
structures with nodes.

16. Network DBMS
• this type of DBMS supports many-to-many relations.
This usually results in complex database structures.
RDM Server is an example of a database
management system that implements the network
model.

18. Object-Oriented DBMS
• This type supports the storage of new data types.
The data to be stored is in the form of objects. The
objects to be stored in the database have attributes
(i.e. gender, age) and methods that define what to do
with the data. PostgreSQL is an example of an
object-oriented relational DBMS.

19. Relational DBMS
• This type of DBMS defines database relationships in
the form of tables, also known as relations. Unlike
network DBMS, RDBMS does not support many to
many relationships. Relational DBMS usually have
pre-defined data types that they can support. This is
the most popular DBMS type in the market.
Examples of relational database management
systems include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL
Server database.

21. Database Management System
• Database management system is a software which is
used to manage the database. For example: MySQL,
Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial database
which is used in different applications.
• DBMS provides an interface to perform various
operations like database creation, storing data in it,
updating data, creating a table in the database and a
lot more.
• It provides protection and security to the database. In
the case of multiple users, it also maintains data
consistency.

22. Purpose of
DBMS

23. Purpose of DBMS
23
An example
•University Database:
Data about students, faculty, courses, research-
laboratories, course registration/enrollment etc.
Reflects the state of affairs of the academic
aspects of the university.
Purpose: To keep an accurate track of the
academic activities of the university.

24. Purpose of DBMS
24
Before DBMSs were introduced, organizations
usually stored information in File Processing
System which has a number of disadvantages:
•Data redundancy and inconsistency
•Difficulty in accessing data
•Data isolation
•Integrity problems
•Atomicity problems
•Concurrent-access anomalies
•Security problems

25. Database Management System
25
• DBMS A database management system is the
software system that allows users to define,
create and maintain a database and provides
controlled access to the data.
• A database management system (DBMS) is
basically a collection of programs that enables
users to store, modify, and extract information
from a database as per the requirements.

26. Components
of
DataBase

27. Components of Database
• Five major components in database system
environment:
– Hardware
– Software
– Data
– Users
– Procedures
27

28. Components of Database System
28
• Hardware:
• It is the actual computer system used for
keeping and accessing the database. DBMS
hardware consists of secondary storage
devices like hard disks.

29. Components of Database System
• Software:
• It is the actual DBMS. Between the physical
database itself and the users of system is a
layer of software, called DBMS.

30. Components of Database System
• Data:
• Data acts as the bridge between the
machine components and user components.

31. Components of Database System
31
• Users: There are number of users who can
access or retrieve data on demand using the
applications and the interfaces provided by
DBMS. The users can be:
– Naïve users
– Online users
– Application Programmers
– Sophisticated Users
– Data base Administrator ( DBA)

32. Components of Database System
32
• Procedures: It refers to the instructions and
rules that govern the design and the use of
the database. The users of the system and the
staff that manage the database requires
documented procedures on how to use or run
the system.

33. Database and Database System
1. A database is a shared collection of logically related data
designed to meet the information needs of an organization
2. Components of a Database Systems
• Database
• Hardware
• Software - DBMS
• Users
• Procedures

34. DBMS
Examples of DBMS Products
1. Oracle
2. Informix
3. Access
4. DB2
5. Fox pro
6. dBase
7. SQL Server
8. My SQL

35. Drawbacks of File Management
System
• Data redundancy and inconsistency
– Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
• Difficulty in accessing data
– Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
• Data isolation — multiple files and formats
• Integrity problems
– Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0)
– Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
35

36. Drawbacks of File Management
System (Continue ….)
• Atomicity of updates
– Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state
with partial updates carried out
– Example: Transfer of funds from one account to
another should either complete or not happen at all
• Concurrent access by multiple users
– Concurrent accessed needed for performance
– Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to
inconsistencies
• Example: Two people reading a balance and
updating it at the same time
• Security problems
3

37. DBMS
vs
FILE SYSTEM

38. DBMS File System
DBMS is a collection of data. In DBMS,
the user is not required to write the
procedures.
File system is a collection of data. In this
system, the user has to write the
procedures for managing the database.
DBMS gives an abstract view of data
that hides the details.
File system provides the detail of the
data representation and storage of data.
DBMS provides a crash recovery
mechanism, i.e., DBMS protects the
user from the system failure.
File system doesn't have a crash
mechanism, i.e., if the system crashes
while entering some data, then the
content of the file will lost.
DBMS provides a good protection
mechanism.
It is very difficult to protect a file under
the file system.
DBMS contains a wide variety of
sophisticated techniques to store and
retrieve the data.
File system can't efficiently store and
retrieve the data.
DBMS takes care of Concurrent access
of data using some form of locking.
In the File system, concurrent access
has many problems like redirecting the
file while other deleting some
information or updating some
information.
DBMS vs FILE SYSTEM

39. DBMS allows users the following tasks:
• Data Definition: It is used for creation, modification, and
removal of definition that defines the organization of data
in the database.
• Data Updation: It is used for the insertion, modification,
and deletion of the actual data in the database.
• Data Retrieval: It is used to retrieve the data from the
database which can be used by applications for various
purposes.
• User Administration: It is used for registering and
monitoring users, maintain data integrity, enforcing data
security, dealing with concurrency control, monitoring
performance and recovering information corrupted by
unexpected failure.

40. Characteristics
of
DBMS

41. Characteristics of DBMS
1. It uses a digital repository established on a server to store
and manage the information.
2. It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that
manipulates data.
3. DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery
procedures.
4. It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a
healthy state in case of failure.
5. It can reduce the complex relationship between data.
6. It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
7. It is used to provide security of data.
8. It can view the database from different viewpoints
according to the requirements of the user.
ATOMICITY ,CONSISTENCY ,ISOLATION,DURABILITY

44. Advantages of DBMS
1. Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy
because it stores all the data in one single database file and that
recorded data is placed in the database.
2. Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can
share the data among multiple users.
3. Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the
centralized nature of the database system.
4. Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
5. Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create
automatic backup of data from hardware and software failures and
restores the data if required.
6. multiple user interface: It provides different types of user
interfaces like graphical user interfaces, application program interfaces

45. Disadvantages of DBMS
• Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high
speed of data processor and large memory size to run DBMS
software.
• Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to
run them efficiently.
• Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity
and requirements.
• Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the
database because in most of the organization, all the data
stored in a single database and if the database is damaged due
to electric failure or database corruption then the data may be
lost forever.

46. Applications
of DBMS

47. Applications of DBMS
47
• Banking: all transactions
• Airlines: reservations, schedules
• Universities: registration, grades
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
• Online retailers: order tracking,
recommendations
customized
• Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders,
supply chain
• Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions

48. 1. Railway Reservation System:
Database is required to keep
record of ticket booking, train’s
departure and arrival status. Also
if trains get late then people get
to know it through database
update.
2. Library Management System:
DBMS used to maintain all the
information relate to book issue
dates, name of the book, author
and availability of the book.
3. Banking
4. Universities and colleges:
Examinations are done online
today and universities and
colleges maintain all these
records through DBMS.
Student’s registrations details,
results, courses and grades.
5. Credit card transactions
6. Social Media Sites
7. Telecommunications: DBMS is
must for these companies to
store the call details and monthly
post paid bills.
8. Finance
9. Military
10. Online Shopping
11. Manufacturing
12. Airline Reservation system

49. Cont...