Copyright: Deepil Tiwari

1. Cancer
A PowerPoint presentation by: Deepil
Tiwari, Shekhar Pathak And Ronish
Shrestha
Photo by: American Cancer Society

2. Definition:
What is Cancer?
The World Health Organization (WHO)
defines cancer as:
“A large group of diseases characterized by
the growth of abnormal cells beyond their
usual boundaries that can then invade
adjoining parts of the body and/or spread to
other organs.”
In simpler terms, cancer is just an abnormal
growth of cells in certain part of the body.

3. Demographic Effects of
Cancer:
Cancer is one of the leading cause of death worldwide.
• 9.6 million deaths annually.
• 16% of total death is caused by cancer i.e. 1 in every 6
deaths.
• In United States alone cancer causes 609,000 deaths
annually.
• Number of Cancer patients increased to 1.73 Million in
United States in 2018.
• 50.6% of cancer patients are females and 49.4% are
males.
• The United States alone spent around $142.7 billions in
cancer treatment, prevention and awareness.
• The American Cancer Society estimates the number of
new cancer cases to increase by 24% by the year 2020.

4. The most common type of cancer are:
1. Lung Cancer
2. Breast Cancer
3. Prostate Cancer
4. Liver Cancer
5. Colo-Rectum Cancer
6. Stomach Cancer
7. Pancreas Cancer
8. Nasopharynx Cancer
9. Blood Cancer

5. Major Causes of
cancer:
• Among the causes of cancer, Tobacco use is
responsible for most number of deaths
worldwide as well as in the United States.
• The other cause of cancer is obesity and
overweight.
• Alcohol consumption is the other factor
responsible for cancer along with cancer
causing pathogens, UV rays, insufficient
physical activity and poor dietary habits.
• Almost 30-50% of cancer is preventable by
making healthy life choices.

6. Why Should the president be
concerned?
• Cancer causes more deaths than Natural disaster,
terrorism, homicide, suicide, road accidents, war
and conflict COMBNED !
• As a matter of fact, cancer causes more deaths
than 3 other most death causing diseases
(Respiratory, Diabetes, and Dementia)
COMBINED !
• It is the 3rd most fatal disease for children aged 5-
14 and the most fatal disease for working
population (15-49 years)
• The cancer rate of United States is above average
compared to rest of the world i.e. 146 per
100,000.

7. Cancer expenditure to funding
ratio in the United States
• The United States alone spends north of $140
billions annually in cancer treatment,
prevention and awareness.
• Compared to funding in cancer related
research, The United States surpassed USD 5.2
billion dollars in the year 2017.
This equates to 26:1. i.e. for every dollar spent on
cancer research, $26 more is spent on cancer
treatment.
If the government of the United States spends
more on research, there would be no need for
expenditure on treatment.
It can be a long term investment!!

8. Total amount of
funding for cancer
research in 2018.
USD 5.206 Billions

9. Chemotherapy
• The method of treatment of disease using
chemical substances, especially the treatment
of cancer by cytotoxic and other drugs.

10. How Chemotherapy
works?
Chemotherapy is most effective at killing cells
that are rapidly dividing. Unfortunately,
chemotherapy does not know the difference
between cancer cells and the normal
cells. The "normal" cells will grow back and
be healthy but, in the meantime, side effects
occur. Different drugs may affect different
parts of the body.

11. Side-effects of
Chemotherapy
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Fatigue
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Loss of hairs etc.
• Weight changes
• Fertility problems etc.

12. Alternatives to
Chemotherapy
Even though chemotherapy
and radiation therapy are the
most used methods to cure the
cancer they are not most
practical ones. There are many
other methods of treatment like
immunotherapy and targeted
therapy which are better than
chemotherapy.

13. Immunotherapy
• Immunotherapy is a
procedure that enhances the
body’s immune system to
fight against cancer causing
oncogenes

14. Types of
Immunotherapy
• Checkpoint inhibitors
• Disrupts PD-L1(Programmed death-
ligand -1) protein from cancer cells so
immune cells can attack it
• Cytokinesis
• Proteins directs immune system to
produce immune response
• Vaccine
• Weakened or dead pathogens are
injected to help immune system imprint
the required antibodies

15. What is Genetic
Enhancement?
• Genetic Enhancement
refers to the transfer of
genetic materials intended
to modify non-
pathological human traits

16. Possibilities of
Genetic
Enhancement
• Selection of embryo with most immune
characteristic to cancer
• Down Syndrome is associated with
reduce in cancer by 90%. Genetic
enhancement can help extract this gene
characteristic while suppressing the
down syndrome
• Development of humans immune to
cancer
• Repairing cells (i.e. BRACA1 and
BRACA2) which may be mutated to
cause cancer can be avoided in offspring

17. Advantage of
immunotherapy and
Genetic
enhancement over
current procedures
• Possibility of making human immune
to cancer altogether
• Treatments without heavy dose of
medication or exposure to radiation
• Lower chance of relapse
• Screen embryo with lowest possibility
of cancer
• Remove link of cancer between parents
and offspring
• Less side effects

18. Areas for Funding
• Further study of recognize the possibility of
Genetic enhancement and Immunotherapy
• Testing and implementing currently
discovered techniques of treatment
• Make immunotherapy and Genetic
enhancement safer
• To make treatments available for all the
patients
• Raising awareness on Cancer
• Organizing trainings to teach proper way for
inspecting one's own body for cancer

19. Works cited
• World Health
Organization: http://www.who.int/cancer/en/
• American Cancer Society:
https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-
org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-
cancer-facts-and-figures/2018/cancer-facts-and-
figures-2018.pdf
• Centers for Disease control and Prevention:
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/healthy_people/hp2000.ht
ml
• Funding for Research Areas:
https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/budget/fact-
book/data/research-funding

20. Works cited
• CancerCenter.com. (2018). Immunotherapy
Procedures & Options for Cancer Patients | CTCA.
[online] Available
at: https://www.cancercenter.com/treatments/immuno
therapy [Accessed 20 Nov. 2018].
• Horizon: the EU Research & Innovation magazine.
(2018). Engineering human immunity to take on
cancer. [online] Available at: https://horizon-
magazine.eu/article/engineering-human-immunity-
take-cancer.html [Accessed 20 Nov. 2018].
• CancerCenter.com.
(2018). Immunotherapy Procedures & Options for
Cancer Patients | CTCA. [online] Available
at: https://www.cancercenter.com/treatments/immuno
therapy [Accessed 20 Nov. 2018].