IN THIS WE GENERALLY STUDY ABOUT TRANSPORTATION OF WATER AND LITTLE BIT ABOUT PLUMBING SERVICES

1. Topic : Conveyance of water and Plumbing services
Submitted by : DEEPANKAR GARG
deepankargarg009@gmail.com

2. Introduction
 Water is conveyed or transposed from the source to community through
various types of conduits.
 Depending upon the conditions and characteristics of flow, the conduits may
be divided into:
a) Gravity conduit
b) Pressure conduit

3. Gravity Conduit
 Water flows under the action of gravity.
 The hydraulic gradient line will coincide with the water surface and will be
parallel to the bed of the conduit.
 In such a flow water is along the atmospheric pressure.
Gravity conduits can be in the form of following
a) Canals
b) Flumes
c) Aqueducts

4. Canal Conduit Flume Conduit Aqueduct Conduit

5. Pressure Conduits
 The water flows under pressure above atmospheric pressure.
 The pressure pipes can therefore, follow the natural available ground surface
can freely goes up and down hills.
 Sometimes even rising pressure above the hydraulic gradient lines and thus
requiring less length of conduits.
 The major loss head loss in this found by Darcy – Weisbach formula.

6. Types of Pressure Pipes
 Metallic pipes
 Non metallic pipes

7. Metallic Pipes
 Cast iron pipes
 Steel pipes
 Wrought iron pipes
 Copper Lead and Brass pipes

8. Cast Iron Pipes
 Most widely used in water supply
Manufactured By:
 Foundry method of casting fine sand moulds or popularly known as pit cast
pipe.
 The centrifugal process(less variation in thickness).

9. Steel Pipes
 Used as water mains passing over bridges.
 Life is generally taken around 40 years under ordinary conditions.
 Steel pipes uses where pressures are high and sizes larger.
 Steel pipes are not adopted to withstanding external loads of backfills,
traffics etc.

10. Wrought Iron Pipes
 Due to easy workability they are used for water distribution lines inside
building.
 Lighter than cast iron pipe.
 For protection against corrosions; they are galvanized with zinc coating and
are known as Galvanized iron pipes.

11. Copper Lead and Brass Pipes
 Copper pipes are used in acidic and alkaline environment as they are highly
resistant to acid and alkalis.
 Brass pipes are harder than copper pipes and are used for decorative
plumbing.
 Lead are pipes are more common in sanitary plumbing.
 Lead are not used to convey domestic water supply because it may cause lead
poisoning.

12. Non Metallic Pipes
 Reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete and asbestos concrete pipe
 Plastic pipes: PVC, Polyethylene, Glass Reinforced plastic

13. Reinforced concrete
pipe
Prestressed concrete pipe
Asbestos cement pipe

14. PVC pipes Polyethylene pipes
Glass Reinforced plastic pipe

15. Force Acting On Pressure Conduits
 Internal pressure of water including water hammer pressure- to be resisted by
using material strong in tension.
 Pressure due to external loads in the form of backfill, traffic load etc.
resisted by using material strong in tension.

16. Pumping System
 In the pumping system, the treated water is directly pumped into the
distribution mains without storing it anywhere. For this reason, this system is
also sometimes called pumping without storage system. High lift pumps are
required for this system, which have to operate at variable speeds, so as to
meet the variable demand of water. Thus, continuous attendance is needed
at the pumping stations, so as to ensure the desired flow in the distribution
system. Moreover, if the power supply fails, there will be complete stoppage
of water supply, and if by chance, a fire breaks out at such time, it will bring
disaster. This method is, therefore, generally not used. However, the only
advantage of this method is that during fires, it can force large volume of
water under high pressure in the required direction, so that the motor
pumpers may be eliminated.

17. PUMPING SYSTEM OF DISTRIBUTION

18. Introduction to Plumbing Services
 It is the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus un
building and for bringing the supply, liquid.
 From the Latin plumbum for led as pipes were once made from lead.
 Refers to a system of pipes and fixture installed in a building for the
distribution of potable water and removal of waterborne waste.

19. Plumbing System
 System incudes all potable water supply and distribution pipe, all plumbing
fixtures and traps; all sanitary and storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof
drains, leaders and downspouts; and all building drains and sewers including
their respective joints and connections; water lines in the premises; potable,
tap, hot and chilled water piping; potable water treating or using equipment;
fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents for same.
SUPPLY
PIPE
FIXTURE
DRAINAGE
PIPE

20. Basic terminology of plumbing systems
Common Plumbing Terms
 Bleed: to release excess air in a pipe by opening a valve at the end.
 Brass: generic slang term for any faucet or fixture.
 Branch Drain: fixture drain which leads to the main drain pipeline.
 Effluent: liquid waste in a septic system.
 Fitting: term used to describe any part that connects two sections of pipe.
 Flow Rate: how much water flows through a plumbing system; measured in either
gallons per minute (GPM) or per hour (GPH).
 Gallons per Flush (GPF): measurement of water needed to flush; used to
regulate toilets and flush valves; 1.6 GPF is the current legal maximum permitted
for new toilets.
 Gray Water: water waste from non-toilet fixtures.
 Kilo Pascal (kPa): metric unit of pressure equaling 1/100th of an
atmosphere.

21.  Maximum Containment Level (MCL): maximum amount of a contaminant
permitted in a water supply by law.
 Non-Ferrous: contains no iron.
 Potable: water which is safe to consume.
 Pressure Head: unit of measure for pressure in a plumbing system describing
the vertical force caused by water at a depth of one foot.
 Riser: vertical supply pipes which bring water from the branch to a fixture or
to a higher floor.
 Soil Pipe: pipe carrying waste from a toilet.
 Trap Seal: the water in a trap which serves as a liquid seal.
 Trap Weir: the highest point for water before it drains in both P-traps and S-
traps.
 Water Hammer: a loud banging sound caused when the water supply is
suddenly cut off from a fixture, causing hydraulic shock

22. Plumbing Cycles
SOURCE
LAKES, RIVERS
SUPPLY
WATER MAIN,TANK
DISTRIBUTION
PIPING NETWAORKS
USE
PLUMBING FIXTURE
COLLECTION
PIPING NETWORKS
DISPOSAL
SANITARY, SEWERS
TREATMENT
SEWAGE PLANTS

23. DESIGN OF WATER FOR MULTI- STOREY
BUILDINGS
 At this level water is conveyed from the street mains to the individual
building, and then to the taps and other fixtures.
 The supply from the mainline to the individual is made through the house
service connection. The house service connection consist of two types:
A. Communication pipe: The pipe which runs from the street mains to the
boundary of the premises.
B. Supply pipe: The pipe which runs inside the premises is called a supply
pipe/consumer pipe.

24. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
 Cold water system
 Hot water system

25. COLD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Three types of water supply system for building are:
 Direct system
 Indirect system
 Combined system

26. DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM
 The supply of water is direct by using the service pipe.
 This system is not suitable to supply water in high rise buildings.
 Features of this system are:
A. The water is clean and fresh.
B. Need a high water pressure.
C. During disruption, the water is not stored.

27. DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM

28. INDIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM
 The supply of water is indirect by using the water storage tanks.
 Service pipes takes the water from the main pipe to the storage tanks.
 Features of this system are:
A. During disruption, the supply of water continues.
B. The water supply is fixed.
C. The cleanliness of water supplied from the storage tank is not
guaranteed.

29. INDIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM

30. HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
There are three main types of hot water systems in use:
A. Open vented
B. Unvented and
C. Instantaneous

31. OPEN VENTED HOT WATER SYSTEM
 This system uses many diff. parts to heat the water. It consists of a hot water
cylinder, special pipe work and a heat source to heat the water. There are
two types
A. Direct heating: The water is heated directly from the heat source either by
an heater.
B. Indirect heating: The central heating and the hot water are separate. The
water is heated by a coil. This is done because there is a set of radiators
connected to the boiler.

32. OPEN VENTED HOT WATER SYSTEM

33. UNVENTED HOT WATER SYSTEM
 These systems are so far more complicated, and have many more parts to
then but do allow near mains pressure hot water supply. They are designed to
operate at a much higher pressure than the open vented system.

34. INDIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM

35. INSTANTANEOUS HOT WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
 This method involves using gas or electricity to heat the water to a suitable
temperature without need to store the water. This type of boiler works by
using the circuit that power the central heating and diverting it to another
‘water to water’ heat exchanger.

36. INSTANTANEOUS HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

37. Systems for boosting water pressure
Multi-storey buildings can usually be divided into zones of water pressure control.
The lower two to three storeys can generally be supplied directly from the
pressure in the public water main. Upper storeys, usually in groups of five to
eight storeys, can be supplied from pressure-boosted main risers through a
pressure reduction valve for each group. Systems can be up-fed or down-fed.
Up-fed systems usually originate from a pressure booster pump set or hydro
pneumatic tank in the basement of the building. Down-fed systems usually
originate from a rooftop gravity tank. Where a building is divided into water
pressure zones, care must be taken not to cross-connect the piping between two
or more zones. This is a particular problem when domestic hot water is
recirculated from a central supply system.

38. TYPICAL WATER PRESSURE BOOSTING SYSTEM