1. Presentation by-
Deepak Rawal
Assistant Professor
Mohanlal Sukhadia University
Udaipur India

2. AMPHIBIA
CLASSIFICATION

3. General characters
• Amphi- double; bios- life; living on land and breeding in water
• Respiration by lungs, skin and buccopharynx
• Larval forms with lateral line system
• Exclusively fresh-water; no marine forms
• Poikilothermic(cold-blooded)
• Exoskeleton absent
• Soft, moist and glandular skin without scales
• Homodont teeth
• Skull is dicondylic
• Protrusible tongue
• Cloaca present
• 3-chambered heart(2atrium+1ventricle)
• R.B.C. large oval and nucleated
• Mesonephric kidneys
• Amphibians are ureotelic
• Middle ear with single rod like bone collumella auris
• Cranial nerves 10 pairs
• Sexual dimorphism found
• Oviparous and external fertilization
• Indirect development through tadpole larva mostly
• Anamniotes(extra-embryonic membrane amnion absent)
• Batrachology-study of amphibian
• Evolved from crossopterygian fishes

6. Order- † Labyrinthodontia
• Maze-toothed
• Aquatic forms
• Large crocodile like
• Stem amphibians(first
evolved amphibians)
• Teeth like
crossopterygian fishes
• Evolved from
crossopterygian fishes
• Example- †Eryops

8. T.S. OF TOOTH

9. Order- † Phyllospondyli
• Leaf like thin
vertebrae
• Small salamander like
• Ancestors of modern
anuran and urodels
• Example-
†Ichthyostega

10. Order- † Lepospondyli
• Ring like vertebrae
• Ancestor of modern
caecilians
• Example-
†Diplocaulus

11. Subclass-lissamphibia
Order-apoda Order-urodela Order-anura

12. Order-Apoda
• Also called
gymnophiona or
caecilians
• Burrowing forms
• Snake like
• Without limbs
• Blind
• Tail absent
• Limb girdles present
• Example- Ichthyophis

13. Order-Urodela
• Also called caudata
• Lizard like with tail
• Larva aquatic
• Neoteny may found
• Larva breaths through
gills which lost in
adults
• Example-
Ambystoma(tiger
salamander)

14. Axolotl larva of salamander

15. Order-Anura
• Also called salientia
• Frogs and toads
• Tail absent in adults
• Vocal sacs present in males
• Leaping locomotion
• 5 to 9 vertebrae with urostyle
• Mandible toothless
• Vomer teeth present
• Metamorphosis found in most
• Tadpole larva
• Example- Hoplobatrachus
(Rana)

18. Metamorphosis of frog shown in
time interval

19. PARENTAL CARE IN
AMPHIBIAN

20. • Parents give food shelter and protection to
their eggs or offspring is called parental care.
• Parental care increase the rate of survival of
offspring.
• MATERNAL CARE- caring by mother.
• PATERNAL CARE-caring by father.

22. •INDIRECT CARING

23. Tree nests
• Eggs laid on overhanging leaves which
protect them from predator
• Example- Rhacophorus (flying frog)

24. Mud nests
• Dig a hole in mud and lay eggs in it
• example- Hyla faber

25. Defending eggs
• Many species of amphibians guard eggs
and attack the invading intruders
• Example- Autodax

26. Foam nests
• Many species of amphibians convert their
mucus secretion to foam nests.
• Example- Leptodactylus

27. Gelatinous bags
• Some make transparent gelatinous bag by
their mucus secretion
• Example- Salamandra keyserlingi

28. Direct development
• No metamorphosis occurs in some
species
• Eggs hatch directly into little frogs
• Example- Hylodes

29. DIRECT CARING

30. Coiling around eggs
• Some dig a hole in mud and lay their eggs
in that and coiled around them to protect
them.
• Example- Ichthyophis

31. Eggs glued to body
• Many species glued their eggs to neck,
thigh and other parts of body
• Example- Desmognathus glued their eggs
to neck
• Example- Alytes glued their eggs to thigh

32. Eggs in back pouches
• In breeding season skin become thick vascular
glandular
• Male presses eggs on female back
• Amphibian with this characteristic is called
marsupials
• Example- Pipa (surinam toad)

33. Eggs develop and hatch in different
organ of body
• Some use buccal cavity. example-
Hylambates
• Some use stomach. example-
Rheobatrachus
• Some use vocal sacs. example-
Rhinoderma

34. ovoviviparity
• Eggs laid but retain in oviduct and give
birth to young ones.
• Exampke- Dermophis