Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited. The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas. There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved. The term "protected area" also includes Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.

1. West Bengal University Of Animal And Fisher Sciences
Faculty Of Fishery Sciences
SUBMITTED TO :
PROF.S.K.ROUT
Dept. of AEM,
WBUAFS
SUBMITTED BY :
Debiprasad Kantal
M.F.Sc-1st year
M/F/2018/09
PROTECTED AREAS

2. Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the
exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global
frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation
of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of
protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the
regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
• Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area
of ocean, and
• Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which
remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic
purposes.
Introduction

3. Definition of protected areas
» The IUCN definition of a protected area is
“A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated
and managed, through legal or other effective means, to
achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated
ecosystem services and cultural values”
» The term protected area refers to a very wide range of land
and water management types that have some value for
biodiversity and landscape conservation.
» Countries around the world have extensive systems of
protected areas which vary considerably, depending on
national needs and priorities, and on differences in
legislative, institutional and financial resources.

4. History of protected areas
• The earliest types of protected areas for the
conservation of resources can be traced back
to around 200 BC when land owned by
royalty was designated as private hunting
reserves
• In 1962, the First Conference on National Parks
was held and the first UN List of National Parks
and Equivalent Reserves that amalgamated all of
the world’s protected areas was
produced. During the 1970s, several global
multilateral environmental agreements were
adopted such as the World Heritage Convention,
the Convention on Wetlands of International
Importance and the Birds Directive in the
European Union. These agreements are still
highly regarded today and form the basis of the
legal structures that protect some of the most
important areas of biodiversity.
During the 1980s, several regional
frameworks for the protection of
biodiversity were adopted such as
the Barcelona Convention for the
protection of Mediterranean areas.
The adoption of the Convention of
Biological Diversity in 1992 set
internationally agreed targets for
increasing the global area covered
by protected areas.

6. What is a National Park ?
• An area, whether within a sanctuary or not, can be notified by the state
government to be constituted as a National Park, by reason of its ecological,
faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological association or importance, needed
to for the purpose of protecting & propagating or developing wildlife therein or
its environment.
• No human activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones
permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the state under the conditions given
in CHAPTER IV, WPA 1972.
• There are 104 existing national parks in India covering an area of 40501.13 km2,
which is 1.23% of the geographical area of the country (National Wildlife
Database, May, 2019).

7. Criteria for selection and management
 National parks are relatively large land or water areas which contain
representative samples of major natural regions, features or scenery of
national or International significance
 They contain one or several entire ecosystems that are not naturally
altered by human exploitation and occupation.
 The resource Is managed and developed so as to sustain recreation and
education activities on a controlled basis,
 The area is managed in a natural or near-natural state, Visitors enter
under special conditions for Inspirational, educational, cultural, and
recreational purposes.

8. No alteration of the boundaries of a National Park shall be made except on
a resolution passed by the Legislature of the State.
No person shall, destroy, exploit, or remove any wildlife from a National
Park or destroy or damage the habitat or any wild animal or deprive any
wild animal or its habitat within such National Park
except under and in accordance with a permit granted by the Chief Wildlife
Warden and no such permit shall be granted unless the State Government,
being satisfied that such destruction, exploitation, or removal of wildlife
from the National Park is necessary for the improvement and better
management of wildlife therein.
No grazing of any [livestock] shall be permitted in a National Park and no
livestock shall be allowed to enter except where such [livestock] is used as
a vehicle by a person authorized to enter such National Park.

9. National marine parks in India:
1) Gulf of Kutch Marine National Park
2) Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park
3) Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park
4) Rani Jhansi Marine National Park

10. made up of 17 islands and the open sea
creeks running through the area
There are 42 islands on the Jamnagar coast in the
Marine National Park, most of them surrounded
by reefs. The best known island is Pirotan

11. Rani Jhansi Marine National Park is located in the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. It
was founded in 1996, and covers 256.14 km²
a protected area of
India consisting of 21 small islands
(islets) and adjacent coral reefs

12. Gulf of Kutch Marine
National Park
Fisheries
• Pomfret
• Bom Duck
• Thread fin
• Jew fish
• Hilsa
• Clupeids
• Shark

13. Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park
Fishery Resources
 Marine capture fisheries are the major
economic activity in Gulf of Mannar
 441 species have been recorded in Gulf
of Mannar.(2,200 fish species distributed
in Indian waters)
 Gulf of Mannar is one of the best regions
in the Indian subcontinent in fish
biodiversity richness.
 Shore seines, boat seines, trawl nets and
hooklines are the principal gear
operated.

14. Any area other than area comprised with any reserve forest or
the territorial waters can be notified by the State Government
to constitute as a sanctuary if such area is of adequate
ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural. or
zoological significance, for the purpose of protecting,
propagating or developing wildlife or its environment. Some
restricted human activities are allowed inside the Sanctuary
area details of which are given in CHAPTER IV, WPA 1972.
There are 551 existing wildlife sanctuaries in India covering an
area of 119775.80 km2, which is 3.64 % of the geographical
area of the country (National Wildlife Database, May, 2019).
What is Wildlife Sanctuary ?

15.  Grant of permit. – (1) The Chief Wildlife Warden may, on application, grant to
any person a permit to enter or reside in a sanctuary for all or any of the
following purposes, namely:
(a)investigation or study of wildlife and purposes ancillary or incidental
thereto;
(b)photography;
(c)scientific research;
(d)tourism;
(e)transaction of lawful business with any person residing in the
sanctuary.
 Ban on use of injurious substances. – No person shall use in a sanctuary,
chemicals, explosives or any other substances which may cause injury to, or
endanger, any wildlife in such sanctuary
 Prohibition of entry into sanctuary with weapon. – No person shall enter a
sanctuary with any weapon except with the previous permission in writing of
the Chief Wildlife Warden or the authorized officer.
 Causing fire prohibited. – No person shall set fire to a sanctuary, or kindle any
fire, or leave any fire burning, in a sanctuary, in such manner as to endanger
such sanctuary.

16. Parameter Wildlife sanctuary National park
Degree of
protection
Lesser than NP Greater
protection
Grazing & other
activity
regulated Prohibited
Power to declare State State
Central govt may
declare
Central govt may
declare

17.  Conservation reserves and community reserves in India are terms
denoting protected areas of India which typically act as buffer zones to
or connectors and migration corridors between established national
parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserved and protected forests of India.
 Such areas are designated as conservation areas if they are uninhabited
and completely owned by the Government of India but used for
subsistence by communities and community areas if part of the lands
are privately owned.
 These protected area categories were first introduced in the Wildlife
(Protection) Amendment Act of 2002 − the amendment to the
Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. These categories were added because of
reduced protection in and around existing or proposed protected areas
due to private ownership of land, and land use.
What is Conservation Reserves ?

18. What is Community Reserves
• Community reserves are the first instances of private land being accorded
protection under the Indian legislature.
• It opens up the possibility of communally owned for-profit wildlife resorts,
and also causes privately held areas under non-profit organizations like land
trusts to be given protection
• These protected area categories were first introduced in the Wildlife
(Protection) Amendment Act of 2003 − the amendment to the Wildlife
Protection Act of 1972

19. A marine protected area (MPA) is essentially a space in the ocean
where human activities are more strictly regulated than the
surrounding waters - similar to parks we have on land. These
places are given special protections for natural or historic marine
resources by local, state, territorial, native, regional, or national
authorities.
What is MarineProtected Areas

21. • Size
• Shape
• Risk spreading(representation, replication, and spread)
• Critical areas
• Connectivity
• Maintain ecosystem function
• Ecosystem based management
Design a MPA General recommendation

22. Size
• There is no ideal size applicable to all MPAs; size should be
determined by the specific management objectives for each MPA and
the species and habitats targeted for protection.
• It should be minimum 10-20 km in diameter.
• BIGGER IS BETTER
Breeding
ground
Growing/feeding
ground

23. Shape
• Simple shapes should be used, such as squares or rectangles, rather than
elongated or convoluted ones,
• To minimize edge effects while maximizing interior protected area

24. • Climate change will not impact marine species equally
everywhere
• Measure the SST( sea surface temperature)
Risk spreading
• Areas that are biologically and ecologically important
• Areas that exhibits high productivity
• Areas that may be naturally more resistant or resilient to the threat
of climate change
Critical areas
Breeding
ground
Growing/feeding
ground

25. • Connectivity is the natural linkage between marine habitats which occurs via
larval disperse and the movements of adults and juveniles
• It is important that biological patterns of connectivity among reefs be identified
Connectivity
Breeding
ground
Growing/feeding
ground

26. • MPAs should include large areas, a broad range of habitats, and a high
diversity of species
• Protecting functional groups is an important strategy for supporting
ecosystem function
Eco system functions
• Scientists need to recognize the importance of maximizing the outputs of the
services that ecosystem functions generate, quantifying and managing trade-
offs among ecosystem services to benefit both humans and nature.
Ecosystem value

27. I. Protected areas provide a wide range social, environmental and economic benefits to people and
communities worldwide.
II. More than instruments for conserving nature, protected areas are vital to respond to some of today’s
most pressing challenges, including food and water security, human health and well-being, disaster risk
disaster risk reduction and climate change.
III. As the world continues to develop at a rapid pace, pressure on ecosystems and natural resources intensify.
Protected areas, when governed and managed appropriately and embedded in development strategies,
can provide nature-based solutions to this pressure, and take their place as an integral component of
component of sustainable development.
Why are protected areas important?
Protected areas...
... provide drinking water to one in three of the world’s 100 largest cities;
... store the same amount of carbon as the tropical rainforests;
... keep us healthy by being the source of clean air and water, as well as new medicines;
... help reduce the risks and consequences of extreme events such as floods, storm-surges,
drought and sea-level rise;
... enhance food security by boosting fisheries and preserving wild relatives of crops; and
... provide homes, jobs and livelihoods to millions of people around the world.

28. Threats to coastal and marine resources are growing and well
documented.
 An ecosystem-based approach is needed to prevent further degradation
of marine and coastal habitats.
Stringent measures should be adopted to prevent pollution/habitat
degradation caused by non-fishery sources (such as ports, shipping
lanes, tourism development and other related activities).
Unless such regulations are introduced, spatial management measures
such as protected areas will remain ineffective.
Basically, the need is to develop a management and conservation regime
for the entire Indian EEZ for living resources – including fisheries – that is
consistent with India’s international legal obligations.
Conclusions

29. "I don't want to protect the environment. I want to create a
world where the environment doesn't need protecting.”

30. • http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/Database/Protecte
d_Area_854.aspx
• https://www.slideshare.net/udegmanike/mari
ne-protected-areas-39172234
• https://www.slideshare.net/jitenderanduat/m
pmpa-and-biosp-reserv-viji-ppt-2
• https://www.slideshare.net/vinuthapatils/pro
tected-areas-of-india