Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are incredibly important for human body and brain. Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish. In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets. The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised. Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive or sensory physiology. Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species.

1. West Bengal University Of Animal And Fisher Sciences
Faculty Of Fishery Sciences
SUBMITTED TO :
PROF.T.K.GHOSH
Dept. of AQC,
WBUAFS
SUBMITTED BY :
Debiprasad Kantal
M.F.Sc-1st year
M/F/2018/09

2. “The Father of Fish
Nutrition”-John Emil
Halver
Antoine Lavoisier,
the “Father of
Nutrition and
Chemistry.”

3. What is nutrient ?
A nutrient is a substance
used by an organism to
survive, grow, and
reproduce
Nutrition is the intake of
food, considered in relation
to the body's dietary needs
What is nutrition

4. • Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as
protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are
incredibly important for human body and brain.
• Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the
balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish.
• In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key
components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as
vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets.
• The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional
feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from
the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised.
Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive
or sensory physiology.
• Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently,
the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile
stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of
nontraditional species.
Introduction

5. The various nutrients required
by fish and shellfish include
proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, vitamins and
minerals
What are the various
nutrients required by
fish

6.  First major component required for proper nutrition of fish is protein.
 In fact, the name comes from the Greek word proteos, meaning “primary” or “first place.”
 Digestion, Energy production, Blood clotting
Amino acids
Building blocks of protein.
Needed by animals for proper nutrition.
10 amino acids are essential.
Broken down during digestion.
Used to produce new tissue or reproduce damaged tissue.
What is the role of protein in fish nutrition?
 Formed from compounds known as amino acids.
 Most critical component of fish feed.
 Prepared fish feed will contain between 25 and 40 percent protein.
Protein

7. Omnivores
Animals that eat both plants and animals.
Need only about 30% of the protein in their feed from
animal sources.
Protein requirements
Carnivore fish
Animals that eat meat.
Require 50% of its protein from animal sources.
Herbivore fish
Animals that eat plants.
Need only about 30% of the protein in their feed.

8. Fats
 A required component of fish feeds.
 Composed of fatty acids.
 Used for proper health and growth.
 Amount of fat in a feed usually between 4 and 15 percent.
 protect organs and help keep body warm give body energy and
to support cell growth help body to absorb some nutrients and
produce important hormones, too
• Type of fat needed in fish feed depends on temperature of water.
• To be digested, fat must be able to melt.
• To melt, must have melting point below water temperature.
• Cold water fish (trout)
• Unsaturated fat derived from plants (vegetable oil).
• Warm water fish (tilapia)
• Saturated fat derived from animal products.
What is the role of fats in fish nutrition?
Fat requirements

9.  Carbohydrates
 A required component of fish feed.
 Source of energy for fish.
 Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, &
oxygen.
 Plants including sugars, starches, and cellulose are
sources.
Fish herbivores (carp)
Better capable of digesting carbohydrates.
An enzyme (amylase) in their digestive system.
What is the role of carbohydrates in fish nutrition?
Carbohydrate requirements
Fish carnivores (catfish)
Can’t digest carbohydrates as well.
Only need 10% carbohydrates in ration.

10.  Inorganic materials needed for health and
growth.
 Most only needed in small amounts.
 Large amounts of minerals may be fatal to
fish.
 Often called trace elements
 Needed in very small quantities.
Required
Minerals
Calcium-
Iron
Silicon
Manganese
Magnesium
Boron
Cobalt
Copper
Iodine
Molybdenum
Selenium
Minerals
 Testing the water can show mineral
deficiencies in water.
 Can give fish two ways
• Add directly to the water.
-If water is flowing or moving
may be a waste
• Added to a commercially
prepared feed.
What is the role of minerals in fish feed?

11. Types of Vitamins
Water-soluble
Taken in, used, and then excreted.
Include Thiamin, Riboflavin, and Folic Acid etc.
Fat-soluble
Taken in to the body and stored.
If excess amounts consumed can be unhealthy.
Include vitamin E, A, and D.
A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient that an organism needs
in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism
What is vitamin

12. Do every animal have
same nutrition needs ?
No. it depends on-
species,
age
sex
body size
level of activity or metabolism
etc

14. Nutritional requirement of Rohu - Labeo rohita
Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral
Larvae-35–45% cp Crude lipid,
optimum lipid
requirement for
rohu fingerlings has
found to be in the
range of 12-15%
Fingerling: 40 percent
dietary carbohydrate
is required
optimum requirements of
rohu fry for vitamins A, C
and E have been reported
to be 2 000 IU/kg, 1409
µg/g and 131.91 mg/kg dry
diet, respectively
For adult
Phosphorus-0.75%,
Calcium-0.19 % of dry
feed.
Fingerlings- optimum
protein requirement
for fingerlings has also
been reported at 40
percent
Adult-25–30 percent
protein has been
reported to be
optimum for practical
diets for rohu under
pond conditions

15. Nutritional requirement of Catla - Catla catla
Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral
Larvae-Larvae require
45 percent protein
Crude lipid,
Larvae, fry, fingerling
require 8-10 percent
lipids
Adult : 7-9%
Brood stock : 14%
Larvae able to utilize
maximum of 26
percent
carbohydrates
fry, fingerling require
22-26%
Adult : 22-26%
Brood stock : 20%
Larvae require
vitamin E -150 mg/kg ,
Vitamin A -200 IU/KG ,
Vitamin C -600 IU/KG for
enhanced survival and
growth.
For adult fish-
vit C-30-50,
vit E- 98.4
Choline-4000 IU/KG feed
Larvae require 4
percent phospholipids
and for enhanced
survival and growth
For adult Magnesium-
0.06, Phosphorus-0.75,
Calcium-0.19 % of dry
feed.
Fingerlings- 30-40%
Adult-30%
Broodstock-33%

16. Nutritional requirement of Common carp - Cyprinus carpio
Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral
30–38% 5–15% • The intestinal activity
of amylase is higher in
omnivorous fish,
including common
carp, than in
carnivorous fish.
• The optimum range of
dietary carbohydrate
may be considered to
be 30–40% for
common carp.
• The dietary requirements for
folic acid and vitamins B12, D
and K have not been
determined, but it is supposed
that some of these vitamins can
be synthesized by the intestinal
microflora in common
carp, fingerling or adult .
• common carp do not require
vitamin C because they can
synthesize ascorbic acid from D-
glucose
It is also found that
exogenous supply of
copper, manganese,
magnesium and zinc is
necessary for carp
diets.
A magnesium level of
0.6 g/kg is required
Daily requirement
Of common carp for
protein is about 1g/ kg
body weight for
maintenance and
12 g/kg body weight
for maximum protein
retention

17. Nutritional requirement of Nile tilapia - Oreochromis niloticus
Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral
Larvae-Larvae require
45-50 percent protein
Crude lipid,
minimum
requirement of
dietary lipids in
tilapia diets is 5
percent
Adult : 10-15%
• exact
carbohydrate
requirements of
tilapia species are
not known
• Adult : Tilapia can
efficiently utilize
as much as 35-40
percent digestible
carbohydrate
• Vitamin
supplementation is not
necessary for tilapia in
semi-intensive farming
• Vit E: 50-100 mg/kg
when fed diets with 5
percent lipid
• Pyridoxine requirement-
1.7-9.5 and 15-16.5
mg/kg diet for fish fed
28 and 36 percent
protein diets
respectively
For adult
Magnesium-0.06-0.08,
Phosphorus-0.8-1.0,
Calcium-0.7 % of dry
feed.
Fingerlings- 35-40%
Adult-28-32%
Broodstock-40-45%

18. Nutritional requirement of Milkfish - Chanos chanos
Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral
Fry-40%cp • fingerling
require 7-10
percent crude
lipids
• Milkfish do not
tolerate as high
a level of
dietary lipid
• Milkfish, like other
finfish, do not have a
specific requirement
for carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates have
also been shown to
have a sparing effect
on the utilization of
dietary protein in
several aquaculture
species
• Broodstock require
1000 mg Vit C/kg feed
for good egg and larval
quality.
• in the absence of
information vitamin
and mineral
allowances established
for other tropical
species, such as tilapia
and common carp, are
recommended.
Phosphorus-0.85% of
dry feed.
Fingerlings- 30-40% cp
• 24–27% where
natural food is
present
• Milkfish use
proteins of animal
origin better than
plant proteins.

19. Nutritional requirement of Barramundi - Lates calcarifer
Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral
Larvae-Larvae require
50 percent protein
Crude lipid,
Dietary n-3 fatty
acids levels of 1.0
percent have been
recommended for
juvenile fish
Adult : 18 % lipid
(60% protein) has
shown best growth
limited capacity to
utilize dietary
carbohydrates for
energy
Adult : a dietary
carbohydrate level of
20 percent for diets
containing lipid levels
ranging from 6 to 18
percent
• Vitamin C requirement is
500–700 mg/kg of diet
• 5 mg/kg diet of
pyridoxine
• Pantothenic acid
requirement is 15 mg/kg
diet for normal growth
• phosphorus
requirement ranges
between 0.55
percent and 0.65
percent
• addition of salt
(NaCl) to the diet at
a level of up to 4
percent has been
reported to
generate a better
feed utilization
10g fish=56%
100g fish=42%
1000g fish=31%
Most studies suggest a
crude protein (CP)
requirement between
45 percent and 55
percent

20. Nutritional requirement of magur- Clarias batrachus
Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral
Larvae-Larvae require
55 percent protein
Crude lipid,
Larvae, fry, fingerling
require 9 percent
lipids
Adult : 10-17%
Larvae able to utilize
maximum of 21
percent
carbohydrates
Adult : 15-35%
vitamin D-500-1000 IU/kg,
Vitamin A (Retinol)1000-
2000 IU/KG ,
Vitamin E 25-50 mg/kg
Vit C-11-60 mg/kg feed
Larvae require
Magnesium-0.04%,
Phosphorus-0.45%,
Calcium-0.45 % of feed
on dry weight basis .
For adult Calcium-1.5%
Phosphorus-0.5%
Fingerlings- 50%
Adult-40-42%

21. Nutritional requirement of
Striped catfish - Pangasionodon hypophthalmus
Protein lipids carbohydrate Vitamin Mineral
Larvae-Larvae require 38.5
percent protein
The lipid
requirement of
striped catfish
(~2 g) is around
8.5 percent
striped catfish
weighing 2 g can use
up to 30–45 percent
carbohydrate in their
diet.
The optimal
carbohydrate level in
striped catfish diet is
20 percent
The vitamin and mineral
requirements of striped
catfish have not yet been
reported
Addition of vitamins
and minerals into
formulated feed is
mostly based on the
vitamin and mineral
requirements of similar
species, especially that
of channel catfish
(Ictalurus punctatus).
5–50 g fish= 34–36 %
50–100 g fish = 32–34 %,
100–300 g fish = 30–32 %,
300–500 g fish = 28–30 %
fish over 500 g = 24–26
%protein.

22. • One of the emerging problem of todays world is the over
population of human and food arrangement for our
society.
• Naturally Demand is increasing for fish and fish
protein which has resulted in
widespread overfishing in wild fisheries.
• Only way to over come this is to culture fish at a lowest
cost.
• For getting maximum output at lowest price we have to
study and implement the proper and specific nutritional
requirement in feed formulation.

23. “Food is your medicine, not medicine your
food”-
[PLATON]