EDUC 4 (Facilitating Human Learning) BSED II

1. The Brain

2. • The adult human brain is a 1.3-kg mass of
pinkish-gray jellylike tissue made up of
approximately 100 billion nerve cells (or
neurons); neuroglia (or supporting tissue) and
vascular (blood-carrying) and other tissues.
• It is the part of our body that is responsible for
intellectual activities.
• The brain is divided into three different parts
• The hindbrain, the midbrain and the forebrain.

3. The hindbrain
• Is a collection of brain structures that include the
medulla, the pons and the cerebellum.
• The medulla is composed of various nerve fibers
that control automatic bodily functions such as
respiration and heart rate.
• If medulla is damaged, essential bodily functions
will fail and such failure leads to death.
• The second important part of the hindbrain is the
pons. The word pons is derived from Latin which
means “bridge”. (Located above the medulla.)
• Pons are responsible for respiration, movement,
sleeping, walking and dreaming.

4. • The cerebellum is located at the base of the brain
behind the medulla and pons. It is tasked to
coordinate fine muscles in order to facilitate
smooth movement and balance. In like manner, it is
tasked to maintain a sense of equilibrium and
physical balance. example

5. The midbrain
• Is a part that contains neural
centers responsible for our
eyes and body movements to
visual and auditory stimuli.
• The midbrain works with the
pons in order to control sleep
and arousal.

6. The Reticular Formation
• Is a finger-shaped set of neurons
that runs throufg the core of the
hindbrain, midbrain, and
brainstem.
• In the absence of our reticular
formation, we remain
unconscious and mentally
inactive. example

7. The forebrain
•The largest and the most
prominent parts of the
human brain.
•It comprises the thalamus,
the hypothalamus, limbic
system and cerebral cortex.Explain

8. The Thalamus
• Is responsible for relaying sensory information
to the cerebral cortex.
• Responsible for integrating information,
learning and memory.
• Beneath the thalamus lies the hypothalamus.
It is a small structure that is in charge with
our emotions. explain
• The hypothalamus influences the pituitary
gland (master gland). In such a way that it has
neural connections that facilitate the release
of its own hormones into the blood supply of
the pituitary.

9. Limbic System
• The last part located near the top of the brainstem is what we
call the limbic systems.
• The limbic system is involved in our emotional responses.
• It’s location between the cerebrum and the brainstem permits
the interplay of emotion and reason.
• The word limbic means “edge”.
Therefore, in terms of its locations, it is found lying at the
border of the cerebral cortex and the lower brain structures.
• It is composed of forebrain structures such as the fornix,
hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus and septum. explain

10. • The fornix is arched, vaultlike or a triangular
structure of white matter in the brain that is
situated between the hippocampus and
hypothalamus.
• The hippocampus is of greek origin which
means “seahorse” – it is important in
consolidating learning and in converting
information from the working memory by
means of electrical signals to long term
memory system. If the hippocampus is
injured, the patients could remember
everything that happened before the
operation, but not after such operation.
• If they read the same article today, they have
the tendency to believe that it is the first
time they encounter such article. They have
the tendency to believe that everything they
do is always the first time.

11. • At the lower end of the hippocampus is the amygdala. It is an
almond shaped structure that can stimulate rage, fear or
pleasure.
• It means that when we recall an emotional event, we have the
tendency to experience the same emotions again. Example? Hahaha
• It is associated with feelings of fear and aggression and is
responsible for visual learning and memory. Researchers in
cognitive science believe that emotions play an important role in
cognitive learning.

12. The cerebral cortex
• It is a thin surface layer that regulates most complex behaviors such as
receiving sensations, motor control, and higher cognitive processes.
• It is the part of our brain that makes sense out of what we read in this
presentation. It is also a part of the brain that makes us understand and
think about the information contained in this text.
• Since the cerebral cortex is responsible for higher mental processes. Such
as language and thought, it is so huge that about three-fourths of the
neurons in the brain are in the cerebral cortex.

13. • There are two cerebral hemispheres beneath the cortex that
closely resemble the size of a big walnut.
• The hemispheres are divided into 8 distinct lobes or areas
(four on the left and for on the right)
• The frontal lobes are located at the top front part of the
two brain hemispheres. The frontal lobes are responsible for
motor control, speech production and higher cognitive
functions such as thinking, emotion and memory.
• With regard to speech production, the Broca’s area is
located at the left frontal lobe and is tasked for speech
generation.
• Broca’s aphasia - Individuals with Broca’s aphasia have
trouble speaking fluently but their comprehension can be
relatively preserved. This type of aphasia is also known as
non-fluent or expressive aphasia.

14. • The second important area or
lobe is known as the parietal
lobe. Just behind the frontal
lobes responsible are the
parietal lobes responsible for
interpreting bodily sensations
that include pain, fear, touch,
temperature and the location of
body parts. example
• The message of pain is brought
directly to the parietal lobes of
the brain

15. • The third lobes are identified as temporal
lobes. Right above our ears lie the temporal
lobes which are responsible for hearing,
comprehension, memory and some
emotional control.
In the left lobe lies the Wernicke’s area that
is responsible for language comprehension. If
the person’s left temporal lobes were
damaged, a German neurologist, Carl
Wernicke believed that the person will find it
very difficult to understand what he or she
has read or heard. He called this condition as
Wernicke’s aphasia. However, he or she could
speak without any hassle or difficulty

16. Borca’s aphasia vs. Wernicke’s aphasia
• At first, it may be difficult to differentiate Broca's area from Wernicke's
area as they both have to do with speech, but there are a few differences
which you can focus on remembering in order to help you better
understand the two.
• Let's start with Broca's area, which is located in the frontal lobe. Broca's
area is the motor speech area and it helps in movements required to
produce speech. When there is an issue in this area, a patient can
understand the speech of others, but can't produce any speech him or her
self. This is called Broca's aphasia. Wernicke's area, which is located in the
parietal and temporal lobe, is the sensory area. It helps in understanding
speech and using the correct words to express our thoughts. When there is
an issue in this area, a patient may be able to produce speech, but cannot
understand the speech of others. This is called Wernicke's aphasia.

17. • In order to avoid confusion, it
must always be noted that the
Broca’s area in the left frontal
lobe is responsible for speech
production
• And that Wernicke’s area in the
left temporal lobe is responsible
for language comprehension

18. • The fourth and the last lobes
are called occipital lobes.
• They are located at the lower
back of the brain. The
occipital lobes are involved in
visual perception such as color,
shape or movements.
• In other words, they are
responsible for vision. Any
damage to this area can cause
blindness.