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What is a Monograph?
A long, academic and peer reviewed
work on a single topic normally
written by a single author, and
extended to also include peer
reviewed edited collections by
multiple authors.
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‘The writing of the long-form
publication (the monograph) is the
research process.’
Professor Geoffrey Crossick
Monographs and Open Access – Report to HEFCE
Monographs & Research
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Monographs are Important
Monographs play a unique role in
knowledge creation and scholarly
communications
Monographs are not just ‘long articles’
•Different function in the research
process
•Different Business Models
•Additional formats for sale
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Systemic Challenges
• Why are policies so vague?
• Where is funding coming from?
• Why are publishing costs so hard to pin
down?
How does OA for books fit in with
1. the new digital landscape
2. changes in knowledge generation
3. changes in scholarly communications
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Therefore …
• No single source of funding is likely
to cover all monographs
• The future will be a mix and match
approach, and no single funding or
publishing model will cover all
monographs
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Mix and Match
• Publishing models that
accommodate OA monographs
vary and can be used in
conjunction with one another
• Infrastructure is improving
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Simba Information Report
• 10,000+ scholarly books on OA (at end
2015, but not complete)
• Expects growth of 30% per annum
• $21 Million – based on 2015 revenue
• HSS OA will depend on mixed models,
not just BPCs
• Does not take into account step
changes
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Out of America
• Mellon Infrastructure Projects
• ARL/AAU/AAUP – ECA support
• 2.5% Library budget commitment to
OA
• Lever
• Luminos
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Institutions and Libraries
• Links between impact and research
funding mean dissemination crucial
Therefore…
• New interest in experimentation
with new publishing
• New University Presses &
Coalitions
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• Traditional University Presses
• Traditional Commercial Presses
• New University Presses (often library
based)
• Academic Led Presses
Types of Book Publishers
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What’s a BPC?
• Covers partial or full publishing costs
• Covers partial income substitution
• Other formats (e.g. print) contribute
to full cost recovery
• Does it include a profit/surplus?
• Too little experience yet of whether
print will contribute enough to cover
all costs
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What does a Publisher Do?
Some of the 99+ tasks
•Selection Process
•Peer Review and QA
•Author support
•Copyediting and proofing
•Project managements
•Permissions management
•File pre-processing
•Design
•Digital file preparation
•File conversion/distribution/preservation
•Marketing
•Website, e-marketing
•Sales Representation & Servicing sales channels
•Creation & Maintenance of metadata
•Sales and Distribution
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• Pre-Press – fixed
• Post Press – variable
• Ongoing over life of book – fixed
and variable
• Overheads
• Profits/surplus
Costs of Publishing
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Transitioning to OA
• Some university presses are
already a cost centre and do not
expect to recover costs
• This makes it easier to build OA
transitioning into the mission
without adding to costs
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Publishers in many continental
countries continue to rely on
‘print’ subsidies and/or buy backs
from public and private funds –
these could easily be rechanneled
to pay for OA publishing
Transitioning to OA
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• Successful pure OA monograph
initiatives are demonstrating clear
benefits but scalability will require
further support
• OA books contribute to
experimentation with different forms
of publishing and are drivers of
change
Getting from Here to OA
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• Leading book publishers now
understand and are happy with BPCs
• OA much appreciated by those
authors who understand the benefits
• Traditional systems of publishing will
co-exist even as more goes OA
• Cost savings with OA?
Getting from Here to OA
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• Discovery Challenges
• Discovery and Metadata
• Dissemination & Metadata
• Hosting & Preservation
• Guidelines for Good Infrastructure
• Value Added Services
talking about…
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Discovery: Challenges
Goal of OA:
– take away access barriers, increase reach, usage, and
impact of content
Dependent on discovery:
•Users access content through various sources:
– retailers; e-book aggregators; library vendors; library
catalogues; publishers website
• Third party suppliers struggle with free content:
– zero pricing, no DRM, no commission?
•When a title is discovered:
– is it clear that there is a free version?
•When the OA version is discovered:
– is it clear what rights are attached?
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Discovery & Metadata
Using the right metadata is first part of the solution:
1. Conventional metadata for books:
– bibliographic information, isbn, classification codes,
keywords, abstract, etc
1. Metadata for digital content:
– DOI; ORCID; chapter level metadata
1. Metadata for OA content:
– license information (Creative Commons), open access flag,
funder information (FundRef), links to OA collections
– for green OA: embargo, version, link to version of record
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Dissemination & Metadata
The purpose of metadata is to support dissemination:
•Formats to supply metadata:
– ONIX 3.0 (book industry)
– MARC21 (library community)
•Provide metadata feeds for various channels:
– Library discovery systems: OCLC WorldCat; ExLibris Primo;
ProQuest’s Summon; EBSCO Discovery
– OA channels: harvesting through OAI-PMH; BASE
– Web resources: Europeana; DPLA
•Hosting & discovery platforms:
– OAPEN; JSTOR; Ingenta Open
– Discovery service for OA books: DOAB
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Hosting & Preservation
• Hosting & discovery platforms:
– OAPEN; JSTOR; Ingenta Open
– Discovery service for OA books: DOAB
– Some Publishers’ websites
• Preservation
_ Portico, CLOCKSS, HathiTrust & others
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Good Infrastructure Guidelines
Good practice guidelines for metadata:
•ONIX for books: Editeur FAQ on OA monographs
•CrossRef Best Practises for books
•Jisc/OAPEN metadata model for OA monographs
CrossRef guidelines include:
•Add outbound DOI links from references in books
•Establish editorial practises to ensure DOI linking
•Deposit references with CrossRef
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Value Added Services
• Identifiers: DOI (Crossref), ORCID,
named entities (NERD)
• Entity recognition, with NERD
• Certification of publications, with
DOAB
• Open annotation, eg - with
Hypothesis
• Usage metrics
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Furthermore…
‘The most vocal voices against OA
have been those who see the
challenges such as third party
rights permissions as
insurmountable obstacles. As we
see from this and other studies a
more nuanced approach to OA can
alleviate some of the concerns.’
Landscape Study knowledge-exchange.info/event/open-access-monographs
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And…
‘Some studies (such as the Book of
the Future report, RCUK & BL)
provide evidence that in some
subjects there is still limited
understanding of the benefits or
appetite for OA.’
Landscape Study knowledge-exchange.info/event/open-access-monographs
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• For the increasingly mobile
academic increased usage figures
are a definite plus
• Increased exposure and impact
Author Benefits
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Interviews with KU Authors
• Anke Timmermann, KU Pilot author of Verse and
• Cynthia Skenazi, KU Pilot author of Aging Gracefully in the Renaissance.
Stories of Later Life from Petrarch to Montaigne Jennifer Fredette, KU
Pilot author of Constructing Muslims in France (Temple University Press)
• Eugene D. Coyle and Richard A. Simmons, KU Pilot authors of
Understanding the Global Energy Crisis (Purdue University Press)
• Steven Pierce, author of Moral Economies of Corruption: State Formation
and Political Culture in Nigeria (Duke University Press)
• James P. Wilper, author of Reconsidering the Emergence of the Gay Novel
in English and German (Purdue University Press)
• Kristin V. Monroe, author of The Insecure City: Space, Power, and Mobility
in Beirut (Rutgers University Press)
• Marc D. Perry, author of Negro Soy Yo: Hip Hop and Raced Citizenship in
Neoliberal Cuba (Duke University Press)
• Jason Pierce, author of Making the White Man’s West: Whiteness and the
Creation of the American West (University Press of Colorado)
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What to Keep and Improve
For both Authors and Readers
•Quality Assurance
•Peer Review
•Editorial Processes
•New Software
•Easier to use Platforms
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The New Issues
• Data analytics
• Workflow processes and tools
• Who is developing the new services?
• What does that mean for the
future?
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New Studies and Reports
•Springer Report
•KU Research – 4 University Presses
and JSTOR
•KU Research – UCL
•Geolocational data
talking about…
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Where do Readers Come From?
Are they already on JSTOR or do they come from other
sites such as Google Scholar? What are the percentages?
Top 10 referrers by session – OA books
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OA Books
Event type as percentage of events by publisher
What is the reader’s behavior re: the proportion
who download chapters and those who just view?
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MIT - 2016Q4 Usage
37
556
593
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Institutional OAPEN
Downloads (COUNTER)
Geolocation Downloads Total Geolocation +OAPEN
(COUNTER)
Chart: Institutional Usage for Pilot and Round2
titles
Only 3.9-13.5% of all usage in the C/B area is recorded in COUNTER!
Including Geo-location (Cambridge & Boston)
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Libraries
• Supporting authors and readers
• Facilitating disscoverability
• Fostering New University Presses
• Participate and support new
initiatives
• Contributing to the debate
• Motor for the transition
The monograph is the big data in HSS especially.
Many exciting research projects coming out of the ability to interrogate whole corpuses of long-form publications – text - mining
So we can conclude that (slide text)
Sales of print books are 80% of publisher sales
This is the roadmap for the talk and the pieces that need to come together
Libraries are so central that we need to look at them after the other sectionsi
if I wanted to get there I wouldn’t start from here.
Move quickly to next slide
Some of the issues we’ll be addressing today
First stop in our tour around the octagon
Drawing on this report where we looked at 8 European countries, but also drew on studies based elsewhere
Some important starting points for our tour – and applicable everywhere
But the good news is that progress is being made in the right direction – more on that later
Books are complicated!
Explain what REF is and who HEFCE are
REF allocates research money form HEFCE.
HEFCE wants to mandate OA for REF submissions
That would cost close to £20 million a year
Pilot project in discussion – costing about £5 million – more on this later
More on how other countries can incentivise OA later on in presentation
Costs money – but we’ll see whether it takes new or old money
Top-slicing from central Research budgets
Allocations from specialist research funding sources (as in STM)
Flipping from library acquisitions budgets to supporting OA (Espesito says US libraries planning on spending 2-3% of budget on OA
Using non-traditional publishing models to re-route existing money in the system (more on this later)
Mixed models include Lever Press, KU and institutional support
Those step changes are taking place now – over the next five years
Linked to new and/or re-routed money
Examples of Mellon projects – supporting publishers, intermediaries, university projects $100K to $1 million per project
A note about the baseline cost
Describe four funding sources briefly
Involvement is not just about process
We need to understand a bit about publishing outlets
Authors still incentivised to use traditional high-prestigue presses – but this is changing
Examples of each of these (OUP/CUP, Routledge, UCL Press, ANU Press, LSP/OBP))
Paid for by Research Funder - eg Wellcome (headquarters in London)
Author’s institutional department or library manages payment
Price is generally set by the publisher
Societies eg Springer IMISCOE
Can come from a central or departmental budget
Administration of the funds by the library or one or more departments
More than one institution funding oA books
E.g. Lever Press’s ‘platinum OA model’. 40 US liberal arts colleges paying a membership fee to cover all publishing costs- managed by University of Michigan press
Luminos – University of California Press programme with tiered membership levels
More on Knowledge Unlatched later – over 400 libraries supporting opening up books from 25 countries
Language Science Press – three sources of funding, specialist research institutions, libraries and individuals. Fundraising carried out by KU
In-kind contribution of resources and staff, allowing for lower BPCs
Tampere University Press, many German University Presses, Leiden and Stockholm UPs
Pure OA publishing acts as a cost centre Revenues from print sales revert to the university
Some German University presses and many French University presses operate this way
UCL
We don’t have the data of past performance of free vs paid for digital retail/print
And the past won’t necessarily be a guide to the future
How publishers cost their BPSc includes factoring in a level of risk
Let’ look at the thorny issue of costs
Everyone has these costs
Explain why profit/surplus is important for sustainability
Explain difference between a BPCharge and a BPCost
Three key phases - Proof of concept/proof of process/proof of sustainability (Rick Anderson)
Cost savings are with cutting out intermediaries
Thanks to OAPEN, the Dutch based platform for OA books – we have an idea of what is required for good discoverability
Librarians know this better than everyone else in the ecosystem!
Interoperability an issue
What publisher nee and librries need are similar up to 90%, but the last 10% is the bugger
But there is little consistency yet (that’s why we still have to evangalise for good metadata)
HIRMEOS is a project to develop a layer of added services on top of existing platforms for OA books. The platforms are OpenEdition Books, Ubiquity Press, OAPEN, EKT and Göttingen University Press. Other partners in the project are KU Research and Open Book Publishers.
OPERAS is a distributed research infrastructure (RI) project for open scholarly communication. The main goal is to introduce the principle of open science and ensure effective dissemination and global access to research results in the humanities and social sciences. 24 partners in ten European countries, among them the infrastructure providers mentioned above: OpenEdition, Ubiquity Press, OAPEN, Knowledge Unlatched. Other partners include the Greek National Documentation Centre (EKT), Max Weber Foundation (MWS), and UCL Press.
Mellon Infrastructure projects – examples, Fulcrom, Luminos, MUSE
We’ve seen that when authors understand the benefits they love OA
But not everone is convinced
The metrics section later on tells the story in aggregated numbers – here we just have a few individual cases
From Landscape Studies
Differing naitonal preferences emerging or not?
The JSTOR platform accounts for the largest number of referrals to the OA books included in the study (34.1% of referrals). That is, 34.1% of readers are already on the platform when they access the OA books. Google.com (10.8%) and google.co.uk (2.8%) are also significant sources of referral to the books
An overview of activity, visualised as sessions by date for the 4 publishers.
The usage increase corresponding to the launch of the OA books platform in October 2016 is readily apparent.
A log-log plot of download count frequency versus download count is close to the classic power law shape, indicating that most downloads are of 1-5 chapters per session, with far fewer downloads of large numbers of chapters. 78.57% of sessions involve the download of a single chapter. 97.12% of sessions involve downloads of 5 chapters or fewer.
This figure breaks down the same data according to event type by user, showing a comparison between the percentage of users who only viewed, only downloaded or both viewed and downloaded
Using altmetrics methods, we are also exploring the role of platforms, blogs and social networks, in shedding light on how books travel across digital landscapes.
An example, here, is the Twitter network map for UCL Press that we tracked over two months.
Institutions that have a social justice mission are beginning to think about how the use of Open Access collections – by groups within particular demographics, or in specific geographic regions, can be understood.
Geolocation-based analysis of usage data is beginning to make it possible to explore the value of Open Access collections in more nuanced ways.
We are beginning to be able to understand the extent to which groups beyond the University, who might not have engaged with this kind of content if books had remained behind pay-walls, are downloading content.
COUNTER compliency issues – an area that is being worked on
Bringing the pieces together
Bringing the pieces together
Much happening around the world – especially North America
Power and wealth moving East and why Australia has an important role to play in the fight to keep knowledge open
