Presentation 6.pptx

Outline Presentation
i. Major definitions of public health
ii.History of public health theory and practice
iii.Core areas of public health
iv.The 10 essential public health operations
(services)

Major definitions of public
health

Public Health Defined
i. “The science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life, and promoting health through
the organized community efforts and informed
choices of society, organizations, public and
private communities, and individuals.” —CEA
Winslow

i. What is Public Health? Public health
connects us all. Public health is the science
of protecting and improving the health of
people and their communities.

i. Public Health is concerned with the health of the
whole population and the prevention of disease
from which it suffers.
ii. It is also one of the efforts organized by society
to protect, promote, and restore the peoples’
health.

i. It is the combination of sciences, skills and
beliefs that is directed to the maintenance
and improvement of the health of all the
people through collective social actions.

i. This work is achieved by promoting
healthy lifestyles, researching disease
and injury prevention, and detecting,
preventing and responding to infectious
diseases.

The Mission of Public Health
i. “Fulfilling society’s interest in assuring
conditions in which people can be healthy.” —
Institute of Medicine
ii. “Public health aims to provide maximum
benefit for the largest number of people.” —
World Health Organization

WHY IS PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANT?
1.Public health professionals try to prevent
problems from happening or recurring
through implementing educational
programs, recommending policies,
administering services…

1.and conducting research—in contrast to
clinical professionals like doctors and
nurses, who focus primarily on treating
individuals after they become sick or
injured.

1.Public health also works to limit health
disparities. A large part of public health is
promoting health care equity, quality and
accessibility.

Public Health Key Terms
1.Clinical care: prevention, treatment, and
management of illness and the preservation
of mental and physical well-being through
the services offered by medical and allied
health professions; also known as health
care.

1) Factors that contributes to the generation of a
trait.
2) Epidemic or outbreak: occurrence in a community
or region of cases of an illness, specific health-
related behavior, or other health-related event clearly
in excess of normal expectancy.

1)Both terms are used interchangeably;
however, epidemic usually refers to a larger
geographic distribution of illness or health-
related events.

i. Health outcome: result of a medical
condition that directly affects the
length or quality of a person’s life.

What is epidemiology?
i. Epidemiology is the method used to find the
causes of health outcomes and diseases in
populations.
ii. In epidemiology, the patient is the community
and individuals are viewed collectively.

i. By definition, epidemiology is the study
(scientific, systematic, and data-driven) of the
distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants
(causes, risk factors) of health-related states and
events (not just diseases) in specified populations
(neighbourhood, school, city, state, country, global).

i. It is also the application of this study to the
control of health problems.

What is public health surveillance?
i. Public health surveillance is the ongoing,
systematic collection, analysis and
interpretation of health-related data essential to
planning, implementation and evaluation of
public health practice.

What are health disparities?
i. Health disparities are preventable differences in
the burden of disease, injury, violence or in
opportunities to achieve optimal health experienced
by socially disadvantaged racial, ethnic and other
population groups and communities.

i. Achieving health equity, eliminating disparities
and improving the health of all population
groups are all goals of public health.

Defining Health Promotion
i. “Health promotion is the process of
enabling people to increase control over,
and to improve, their health.

Defining Health Promotion
i. To reach a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being, an individual
or group must be able to identify and to
realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to
change or cope with the environment.

i. Health promotion is a guiding concept involving
activities intended to enhance individual and
community health well-being.
ii. It seeks to increase involvement and control of
the individual and the community in their own
health.

i. It acts to improve health and social welfare, and to
reduce specific determinants of diseases and risk
factors that adversely affect the health, well-being, and
productive capacities of an individual or society,
setting targets based on the size of the problem but
also the feasibility of successful interventions, in a
cost-effective way.

i. Health promotion is a key element in public
health and is applicable in the community, clinics
or hospitals, and in all other service settings.
ii. Raising awareness and informing people about
health and lifestyle factors that might put them at
risk requires teaching.

The Elements of Health promotion
comprises of :-
1.Addressing the population as a whole in
health related issues , in every day life as
well as people at risk for specific diseases:

The Elements of Health promotion comprises of :-
2. Directing action to risk factors or causes of
illness or death;
3. Undertaking activities approach to seek out and
remedy risk factors in the community that
adversely affect health;

4. Promoting factors that contribute to a better
condition of health of the population;
5. Initiating actions against health hazards
,including communication ,education, legislation
,fiscal measures, organizational change ,community
development , and spontaneous local activities ;

6. Involving public participation in defining problems
,deciding on action;
7. Advocating relevant environmental ,health , and social
policy ;
8. Encouraging health professionals’ participation in
health education and health policy.

i. Prevention: Prevention refers to the goals
of medicine that are to promote, to
preserve, and to restore health when it is
impaired, and to minimize suffering and
distress. There are five levels of
prevention:

1. PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION: This primary prevention
is purest in its sense.
2. It implies prevention of the emergence or
development of risk factors in population groups in
which they have not yet appeared.
3. The main intervention in primordial prevention is
through individual & mass education.

i. Primary Prevention refers to those activities that
are undertaken to prevent the disease and injury
from occurring.
ii. It works with both the individual and the
community.

i. It may be directed at the host, to increase
resistance to the agent (such as immunization or
cessation of smoking), or may be directed at
environmental activities to reduce conditions
favorable to the vector for a biological agent, such
as mosquito vectors of malaria.

1.Secondary Prevention is the early diagnosis and
management to prevent complications from a
disease.
2. It includes steps to isolate cases and treat or
immunize contacts to prevent further epidemic
outbreaks.

i. Tertiary Prevention involves activities directed at
the host but also at the environment in order to
promote rehabilitation, restoration, and
maintenance of maximum function after the
disease and its complications have stabilized.

i. Providing a wheelchair, special toilet
facilities, doors, ramps, and
transportation services for paraplegics
are often the most vital factors for
rehabilitation.

i. Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation is the
process of restoring a person’s social
identity by repossession of his/her
normal roles and functions in society.

i. It involves the restoration and
maintenance of a patient’s physical,
psychological, social, emotional, and
vocational abilities.

i. Interventions are directed towards the
consequences of disease and injury.
The provision of high quality
rehabilitation services in a community
should include the following:

1.Conducting a full assessment of people with
disabilities and suitable support systems;
2.Establishing a clear care plan;
3.Providing measures and services to deliver
the care plan.

The History of Public Health
Sanitation and Environmental Health
1. 500 BCE - Greeks and Romans practice community
sanitation measures.
2. 1840s - The Public Health Act of 1848 was established in
the United Kingdom.
3. 1970- The Environmental Protection Agency was founded

History of public Health
i. In the Ancient Societies (before 500 BC) the
history is that of archeological findings from
the Indus valley (North India) around 2000
BC with the evidence of bathrooms and
drains in homes and sewer below street
level.

i. There was evidence of drainage systems in the
middle kingdom of ancient Egypt in the time
2700 -2000 BC.
ii. There were written records concerning public
health, codes of Hammurabi of Babylon, 3900
years ago.

i. The Book Of Leviticus (1500 BC) had
guidelines for personal cleanliness,
sanitation of campsites, disinfection of
wells, isolation of lepers, disposal of refuse
and hygiene of maternity.

i. In The Classical Cultures (500 BC - 500 AD) public
health was practiced as Olympics for physical
fitness, community sanitation and water wells in
the era golden age of ancient Greek; and aqueducts
to transport water, sewer system, regulation on
street cleaning and infirmaries for slaves by
Romans.

i. In the middle ages (500 - 1500 AD), health
problems were considered as having spiritual
cause and solutions.
ii. They were supernatural powers for pagans and
punishments for sins for Christians.

i. Leprosy, plague (Black Death) during the
14th century and syphilis were some of the
deadliest epidemics resulted from failure to
consider physical and biological cause.

i. The era of renaissance and exploration (1500 - 1700
AD) was the rebirth of thinking of about nature of
the world and humankind.
ii. There was a growing belief that diseases were
caused by environment, not by spirits and critical
thinking about disease causation e.g. "malaria" -
bad air.

i. In the eighteen century, there were problems
of industrialization, urban slums leading to
unsanitary conditions and unsafe work
places.
ii.Edward Jenner (1796) demonstrated
vaccination against smallpox.

i. In the nineteenth century there were still
problems of industrialization but agricultural
development led to improvements in nutrition
and there was real progress towards
understanding the causes of communicable
diseases towards the last quarter of the century.

i. The Luis Pasture's germ theory (1862) and
Koch's Postulate (1876) were remarkable
progresses.

i. Twentieth century has been the period of
health resources development (1900-1960),
social engineering (1960 - 1973), health
promotion (Primary Health Care), and
market period (1985 and beyond).

i. The challenge in the twenty first century are
reducing the burden of excess morbidity and
mortality among the poor; counter reacting the
threats of economic crisis, unhealthy
environment and lifestyle; developing more
effective health system and investing in expanding
knowledge base.

i. The new public health is compressive in scope.
ii. It relates to or encompasses all community and
individual activities directed towards reducing
factors that contribute to the burden of disease
and foster those that relate directly to improved
health.

i. Its programs range from Immunization,
health promotion, and childcare to food
labeling and food fortification to the
assurance of well managed, accessible
health care service.

i. The planning, management, and
monitoring functions of a health
system are indispensable in a world of
limited resources and high expectations.

i. This requires a well developed health
information system to provide the
feedback and control data needed for good
management.

i. It includes responsibilities and coordination at
all levels of government and by non
governmental organizations (NGO’S) and
participation of a well-informed media and
strong professional and consumer organization.

i. No less important are clear designations of
responsibilities of the individual for his/her own
health, and of the provider of care for human,
high quality professional care

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