Climate change and its impact on Vegetable production and its mitigation

1. WELCOME
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2. CREDIT SEMINAR
Climate change and its
impact on Vegetable
Production
Presented by: Majid Rashid
2017-H-190-MDar Maajid

3. WEATHER CLIMATE
WEATHER is what’s
happening outside your
window right now.
Short-term changes we see in
temperature,clouds,precipitation,
humidity and wind in a region or a
city
Average weather of a place over
many years.
 Measured by assessing
the patterns of variation
in:
 Temperature,
 Humidity
 Wind
 Precipitation and other
morphological variables in a
given region over long periods
of time.
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4. Climate Change
• It refers to a change in the state of climate that can be
identified by changes in the mean and/or the variability
of its properties, and that persist for an extended
period, typically decades or longer (IPCC, 2007).
• Change of climate which is attributed directly or
indirectly to human activity that alters the composition
of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to
natural climate variability observed over comparable
time periods (UNFCCC, 2007).
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5. Evidences of Climate Change
Global Warming
• Refers to the recent and ongoing rise in global
average temperature near Earth's surface.
• Global surface temperatures have increased @
0.7°C per decade in last 100yrs; 1.7 °C per
decade in last 25 years and increase of 3 °C by the
end of 2100 .(IPCC 2014)
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7. Sea level Rise
Global Sea level has risen by about 20
cm (8 inches) since 19th century.
Average sea level rise is predicted as 24 -
30cm by 2065 and 1meter by 2100.
Melting of glaciers and ice-caps
Increasing temperature of ocean water
and thus its volume.
IPCC 2014Dar Maajid

8. The Indian climate has undergone significant changes
showing increasing trends in annual temperature with an
average of 0.56°C rise over last 100 years ( IMD, 2010).
Monsoon mechanism --- possibly decline leading to the
drought situation.
Productivity is highly sensitive to both direct effects -
temperature, precipitation, CO2 concentration, etc. and
indirect effects- depleting soil fertility, infestation by
pests, diseases, etc.
UN has identified India among the 27 countries that are
most vulnerable to sea level rise.
Climate change in India
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9. - Since
availability of
water is limited,
drought is the
major stress
factor to
vegetable
production,
further stressing
farming systems
(Verchot et al.,
2007).
- Year 2002 - it
was declared
as all India
drought, as the
rainfall
deficiency was
19% against
the long period
average of the
country and
about 30%
area was
affected due to
drought. (singh
et al 2011)
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10. Climate change in Kashmir
Temperature rise of about 0.4- 0.5 °C in Kashmir region and 0.3-
0.6°C in Jammu region.
Unusual distribution of rainfall, shifting patterns of precipitation
and sustained deficit of snowfall.
Melting of glaciers resulting in frequent floods, decrease in water
availability in streams during summers.- We have lost 18% of the
Kolhai Glacier, the main source of drinking water and irrigation in
the valley, in the last 40 years.
Drying up of springs. About two-third reduction in water level in
almost all the streams and rivers in Kashmir during the last 40
years.
Ramshoo, 2017
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11. Deviation in seasonal maximum
temperature
Parvaze et al., (2017)
Deviation in seasonal minimum
temperature
Prediction
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12. Causes of climate change
Natural Causes Anthropogenic Causes
Ericksen, 2008
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13. Natural Causes
Solar RadiationVolcanic Eruption Ocean Currents
Earth TiltDar Maajid

14. Anthropogenic Causes
Deforestation Coal Mining
Burning of Fossil Fuels Industrial Processes Agriculture
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15. IPCC, (2014)
Different sectors contributing to GHG
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16. IPCC , 2014
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18. Highlights
• Vegetable crops are very sensitive to climatic vagaries like
sudden rise in temperature as well as irregular precipitation at
any phase of crop growth. (Afroza et al., 2010)
• Crop failures, shortage of yields, reduction in quality and
increasing pest and disease problems are common and they
render the vegetable cultivation unprofitable. (Lal et al., 2014)
• Most of the vegetable crops are pollinated by insects,
changes in insect species distribution will affect the
pollination. Dar Maajid

19. • Climate change influences the pest and disease
incidence, host-pathogen interactions, distribution and
ecology of insects, time of appearance, migration to new
places and their overwintering capacity. (Khan, 2012).
• The estimated potential yield losses are 17 % due to
drought, 20 % due to salinity, 40 % due to high
temperature, 15 % due to low temperature. (Ashraf et
al.,2008).
• World Bank projects that the climate change will depress
crop yields by 20% or more by the year 2050 (Narendra
Tuteja, 2012)
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20. On growth and
development of
vegetables
On flowering,
fruit set and
yield
On quality
On pest and
disease
incidence
Impacts
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21. Parameters Effect Observed in Reference
Flower bud size Decrease Broccoli (Kałuzewicz et al., 2009)
Male flowers Increase Cucumber (Singh et al., 2010)
Bud and flower
abscission
Increase Bean (Yoldas et al., 2009)
Vernalisation Decrease Onion, celery,
brassica
(Gruda and Tanny, 2014)
Tuber formation Decrease Potato (Sekhawat, 2001)
Fruit colour Decrease Tomato (Kalloo et al., 2007). :
Fruit set Decrease Pepper (Erickson and Markhart,
2002).
Effect of High Temperature on vegetable crops
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22. S.No. Crop Disorder
1. Potato Black heart
2. Cauliflower Hollow stem, leafy heads, no heads
3. Lettuce Tip burn, bolting, loose and puffy heads
4. Cabbage Tip burn
5. Pepper Sun scald
6. Tomato Fruit cracking, sunscald, Blossom end rot
Yadav et al., 2015
Physiological disorders of vegetables caused
by High temperature
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23. Cabbage Hollow stem Lettuce Tip burn Tomato Blossom end rot
Potato black heart Capsicum sunscald Cabbage tip burn
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24. Table: 1. Impact of High temp. on
sweet pepper
Genotypes No. of fruits per plant at temperature
24/18˚ C 29/23˚ C
48 11
66 42
69 37
48 64
72 42
60 49
68 103
SP002
SP003
SP004
SP005
SP006
SP007
SP008
Saha et al., 2010
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25. Crop Lowest safe
temperature
°C
Chilling injury symptoms
Asparagus 0-2 Dull, gray-green
Cucumber 7 Pitting, water-soaked lesions, decay
Eggplant 7 Surface scald, Alternaria rot, seed
blackening
Okra 7 Discoloration, water-soaked areas,
pitting, decay
Pepper 7 Pitting, Alternaria rot, seed blackening
Potato 7 Internal browning, sweetening
Pumpkin 10 Decay, especially Alternaria rot
Squash 10 Decay, especially Alternaria rot
Sweet potato 10 Decay, pitting, internal discoloration
Tomato(ripe) 7-10 Water-soaking, softening, decay
vegetables, sensitive to chilling
temperatures
( Deell 2016).
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26. Effect of Drought
• Small and delayed flowers.
• Delayed maturity
• Decline in chlorophyll content.
• Reduced rate of transpiration.
• Reduce uptake of nutrients.
• Lesser germination.
• Severe reduction in yield.
• Narrow leaf orientation.
• Leaf pubescence.
• Increased spread and length of root system.
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27. Effect of drought on morphological/ physiological
characters of vegetables
S.No vegetable Symptoms
1 Brinjal Reduced extension of main stem, reduced no. of branches per plant
2 Beans Few flowers, seed yield reduction, decreased starch content.
3 Potato Low sprouting, Yield loss, decreased starch content.
4 Cauliflower Ricey, leafy, loose, yellow, small curds
5 Tomato Blossom end rot, accumulation of free proline.
6 Cassava Reduction of leaf area
7 Lettuce Bitter taste, accelerated development of tip burn
8 Okra , onion Reduced germination of seeds .
( Yadav et al., 2012)Dar Maajid

28. Effect of Flooding
• Flooded tomato plants accumulate
endogenous ethylene that causes
damage to the plants (Drew, 2010).
• Epinastic growth of leaves is a
characteristic response of tomatoes
to waterlogged conditions. (Kawase,
2008).
• The severity of flooding symptoms
increases with rising temperatures ;
rapid wilting and death of tomato
plants is usually observed following
a short period of flooding at high
temperatures (Kuo et al., 2013).
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29. Crop Effect of flooding Reference
Pea Closing of stomata (Zhang & Davies, 2015)
Sweet potato Losses due to rotting at harvesting , Losses in
carotenoid pigments and dry matter content.
(Thompson et al., 2009. )
Yam Progressive degradation of leaves. (Udeh, 2015)
Chilli Poor growth , yellowing of leaves ,Wilting . (Prasad et al., 2015)
Pepper Poor growth, yellowing of leaves, Blacking of
root tips.
(Husnain & Sheik, 2015)
Asparagus Delayed the growth and reduced the survival (Faloon et al., 2012)
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30. Mitigation
•Enhancing Vegetable
Production system.
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31. Agronomical adaptation
• Improved crop varieties.
• Extending crop rotations.
• Avoiding or reducing bare fallow.
• Adding nutrients when deficit.
• Adopting cropping systems with reduced reliance on fertilizers,
pesticides and other inputs e.g., rotation with legumes, providing
temporary vegetative cover (catch/cover crops).
• Improved agronomic practices :
• Nutrient Management
• Tillage/residue management
Follett , 2001Dar Maajid

32. Cultural management that conserve water and protect crops:
• Mulching
• Use of Shelter
• Raised bed
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33. Table: 2. Impact of Plastic Mulching on vegetable
crops.
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CROP YIELD (t/ha) INCREASE IN YIELD (%)
UNMULCHED MULCHED
CABBAGE 14.30 19.90 39.16
CAULIFLOWER 18.58 25.02 34.66
TOMATO 69.10 94.85 37.26
CHILLI 16.79 19.71 17.39
OKRA 6.91 8.56 23.88
BITTER GOURD 20.12 25.63 27.39
BRINJAL 36.73 47.06 28.12
BROCCOLI 15.64 25.14 60.74
NCPAH, 2018

34. • Timely irrigation
• Drip irrigation
• Water harvesting
Water Management
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35. Table: 3. Drip Irrigation
Yield (Kg/Acre) Yield (Kg/Acre)
CROP CONVENTIONAL
METHOD
DRIP METHOD % INCREASE
TOMATO 576 894 55
BITTER GOURD 2560 4200 64
CHILLI 1280 1600 25
CAULIFLOWER 300 405 35
POTATO 600 800 33
Lalan Kumar, 2013Dar Maajid

36. Water use and yield under two methods of irrigation
Irrigation requirement of tomato crop under surface and drip
irrigation methods
Efficient Irrigation Management Practices in Vegetable Crops
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37. Protected cultivation
• Protected structures can play important role to minimize the impact of climatic
change effect. (Singh & Satpathy, 2005)
• Poly-tunnel are utilized for raising vegetable seedling during rainy season.
• Pro-trays for seedling.
• Crop production inside agro-shade. ( Singh and satpathy, 2005)
• Seeds of radish, carrot, cole crops can be produced in half the time : By
raising early crop under protected structure and transplanting them in open
fields for seed production. (Brahma Singh 2012 )
• In Ladakh region many solanaceous vegetable crops like Tomato, Brinjal,
Okra, capsicum perform well in the protected conditions and produce high
yields (Kanwar and Sharma, 2010).
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39. Parameters Crops Protected condition Open field condition
Yield
(kg/plant)
Tomato 5.75 3.19
Brinjal 4.86 2.78
Cucumber 6.75 5.80
Fruit weight
(g)
Tomato 100.92 88.93
Brinjal 90.21 88.45
Cucumber 230.57 215.46
No. of fruits
Tomato 58.36 45.03
Brinjal 59.7 48.36
Cucumber 29.30 26.96
Table : Effect of protected condition on growth and yield of crops
Rajasekar et al., 2013Dar Maajid

40. Improved Pest Management
• Developing cultivars resistant to pests and disease.
• Pest forecasting using recent tools such as simulation modeling.
• Using pesticides only and when needed.
• Adoption of Integrated pest management with more emphasis on
biological control.
• Natural enemies like release of predators . – lady beetle.
• Using trap crops.
• Using pheromones for disrupting pest reproduction.
• Use of plant products –Neem oil (0.3%) , Neem seed kernel extract (5%)
against Leucinodes orbonalis, whitefly. (shrinivasan et al ., 2004)
Spaldon et al., 2015Dar Maajid

41. Grafting of vegetables
• Grafted tomato may give certain degree of resistance
against thermal stress. (Rivero et al, 2003)
• Grafted plants have more content of Linolenic acid, which
helps in the survival of plants under low temperature
(Pandey and Rai, 2003).
• Chilli grafted on sweet pepper rootstocks has given highest
yields under high-temperature conditions. (Palada and Wu,
2008)
• Inter-generic grafting imparts flood tolerance in cucurbits.
(Pandey and Rai, 2003 IIVR, Varanasi)
• Grafting improved flooding tolerance of bitter gourd
(Momordia charanthia L. cv.) when grafted onto sponge
gourd (Luffa cylindria Roem cv. Cylinder). (Liao and Lin,
1996) Dar Maajid

42. Breeding Approaches
Breeding to develop climate-resilient crop
varieties that can tolerate higher temperatures,
drought and salinity.
Developing short-duration crop varieties that can
mature before the peak heat phase set in.
Selecting genotype in crops that have a higher per
day yield potential to counter yield loss from
heat-induced reduction in growing periods.
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43. Tolerant varieties
Crop Variety Tolerance
Tomato Pusa Sadabahar, Tolerant to high and low
temperatures
Pusa Sheetal Low temperature
Raddish Pusa Chetki Better root formation under
high temperature regime.
Carrot Pusa Vrishti Form root at high temperature
and high
humidity
Cauliflower Pusa Meghna Can form curd at high
temperature
Bottle gourd Pusa Santushti Heat and cold tolerant
Bitter gourd Pusa Do
Mausami
Suitable for spring and rainy
season
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44. Biotechnology
Use of molecular markers as selection tools.
Facilitates earlier selection.
Reducing subsequent population sizes for field testing.
Molecular markers facilitate efficient introgression of
superior alleles from wild species into the desired specie.
Enhancing the development of stress tolerant and higher-
yielding cultivars.
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45. Conclusion
• Changes in climate is a continuous process, it has become
recognizable in agricultural field from the past few years
resulting in lasting effect on crop production.
• More periods of high temperature and periods of heavy rain.
• Unseasonal or extreme weather will have an increasing impact
on crop production.
• Development of production system, improved varieties with
improved water use efficiency.
• Modelling can help in predicting consequences and guiding
adaptation.
• Understanding, the impact of increase in temperature and CO2
on vegetable crops is the first step in developing sound
adaptation strategies to address the adverse impact of climate
change.
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