1. To what extent is the prison now being used increasingly as a method of dealing with racial/religious minorities”? By Kay White

2. Charles murray’s custodial state The Bell Curve (1994) Made links between intelligence and race Developed a stratification of intelligence and race Eugenics Underclass of Minorities

4. Black people are 8x more likely to be stopped and searched than whites and 4x more likely to be arrested

5. In England and Wales, there are 5x more blacks than whites in prison per head of population

6. 1 in 4 people in prison is from an ethnic minority background

7. ¼ of prisoners serving sentences for drug offences are black

9. “more likely to feel isolated in custody, less likely to seek help and face additional language and cultural barriers”

10. 19% of female prisoners were foreign nationals in 2009

11. 26% of ethnic minority women reported victimisation by prison staff compared to 15% white women

12. More likely to be remanded in custody than whites

13. Ethnic minority women make up 1% of judges and 5% of the population

16. This could be linked to factors such as poverty, unemployment, low pay etc

17. BUT...

18. There does seem to be evidence of discrimination in the legal system towards ethnic minorities

20. http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/documents/Realising%20Rights%20-%20Increasing%20ethnic%20minority%20women's%20access%20to%20justice%20-%20web%20version.pdf

21. http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/oct/11/black-prison-population-increase-england

22. Equality and Human Rights Commission report How Fair is Britain? http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/key-projects/triennial-review/online-summary/legal-and-physical-security/

23. http://www.irr.org.uk/cjs/