2.  Andrew Goodwin
 Roland Bartes
 Vladimir Propps

3. Andrew Goodwin identified 5 main
aspects of a music video, which the
audience should look out for, the 5 key
aspects are:
 Thought Beats (seeing the sound)
 Narrative and Performance
 The Star Images
 Technical Aspects of the Music Video
 Relation of visuals to song

4. There are 3 steps to identify when looking for thought beats.
 Firstly, look at the structure of the song, gain knowledge of
the music itself, for example the chorus and verses.
 Secondly, listen to the voice of the song. The artist of the
song has their own unique voice. This can provide an
identification that works well with the stars image. Roland
Barthes theory of the grain of voice can link to this. Seeing
the singing voice as an expressive instrument and therefore
able to make associations of its own.
 Thirdly, the mode of artist is something that Goodwin has
identified. Songs can sometimes tell a story, with the artist as
the storyteller. This gives the music video a communication
device, as they tell us as the audience a story and we listen
to the artist.

5. Songs can fail to give us the complete narrative,
leaving questions to be answered. We watching
music videos tend to only understand the song
briefly. Goodwin believes that music videos
should ignore common narrative. This is important
in their role of advertising. Narrative and
performance working along side to make the
music video more interesting. This keeps the
audience attached. The artist acting as both the
narrator and participant increases the truthfulness
of the music. However, the heart of the video is
the lip syncing and other mimed actions.

6. One of the most important part to play in a
music video production process is the star
image.
This is another vital aspect of music videos.
This is where Meta Narrative is used. It is a
big story that describes the development
of the star over time.

7. Technical aspects holds the music video
together through the use of camera work,
movement, angle, mise - en - scene,
editing, sound and special effects.
There are forms of use of camera work
such as; Speed, camera movement,
editing, cutting and post productions. The
mood is set by the colour and lighting of
the seeing. It highlights key moment in the
song. The setting of the music video must
look professional as well as realistic.
Cuts are important in a music video, they
must fit in with the rhythm and beat of the
song. This attracts the audience as it
makes the music video more entertaining.

8. Music videos promote a song in three ways:
 Illustrate – This is common, it is where music
videos use a set of images to illustrate the
meaning of lyrics and the genre.
 Amplify – This is where things are
constantly shown. Such as the meaning
and effects are manipulated.
 Disjuncture – This is where the meaning of
the song is completely ignored.

9. Roland Barthes said that texts may be open or
closed. He narrowed down the action of text
into five different codes, which are included
into any narrative, this includes music
narrative videos.
The five codes are:
 The Hermeneutic Code (HER)
 The Enigma/Proairetic Code (ACT)
 The Symbolic Code (SYM)
 The Culture Code (REF)
 The Semantic Code (SEM)

10. This is the voice of the truth.
HER, is the way the story avoids telling the
truth or letting slip the facts. This is to drop
clued in through out the video to help
create a mystery. This makes music videos
very interesting.

11. This is the empirical voice. This is to give the
audience a cliff hanger. It builds up tension
and leave the audience guessing what
happens next.

12. This is the voice of the person. This points
out to any section in the lyrics that suggests
a particular meaning by a connotation
which the story suggests. The connation is
what is symbolised.

13. This is the voice of symbols.
It is fairly similar to the Semantic
Code, however it acts at a wider level, as is
organises semantic meaning into a
broader and deeper set of meaning.
This is often done in the use of
contrast, where new meanings arises out of
the opposing and conflict ideas.

14. This is the voice of science.
It looks at the audiences wider cultural
knowledge, morality and ideology.
This relates to the audience and makes the
video more interesting and realistic.

15. Propps suggested that every narrative has 8 different
character types. They are called the ‘spheres of action’
 A Villain, which fights the hero in someway
 The dispatcher, who makes the villain known and
sends the hero away
 The magical helper, who helps the hero upon his
quests
 The princess, who the hero adores
 The father of the princess, who gives tasks to the
hero, however propps says that the father and the
princess cannot be clearly identified
 The hero – reacts to the donor
 False hero who takes credit for the heros actions, and
tries to have the princess for himself.