2. CONTENTS
• Balanced design
• Adapting To Climate,
• building orientation, planning and building form
• building ventilation
• Lighting:
• Vision
• light measurement
• colour and glare
• natural light and daylight factor,
• combined light
• artificial light lamps,
• luminaries
• lighting design.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Balanced design is one of the
“sustainable aspect” - should be
address during initial stage/design
stage
• Aim - to achieve a good quality
building with adequate and
appropriate environment design.
• Other related new term -
sustainable design, green building,
Zero-Energy Building
4. BALANCED DESIGN
• Recent developments especially in the
areas of ecology and architecture have
identified an unhealthy relationship
between the built environment and
nature. The breakthroughs in science
and technology through the late 18th
century saw an explosion in the
trends/types of architectures that are
presently characterized by their polluted,
machine-dominated, dehumanizing, and
environmentally unfriendly natures.
5. NEW PARADIGM
• The ideas on creating environmentally friendly, energy-
efficient buildings developed by effectively managing
natural resources where entails passively and actively
harnessing solar energy and using materials which, in
their manufacture, application, and disposal, do the least
possible damage to nature’s ‘free resources’; water,
ground, and air.
• This include factors that affect a healthy natural
environment such as choice of building site, orientation,
choice of building materials (in other words, let where it is
be where it is made of) and methods of combining these
building materials in order to achieve balance.
6. The Appropriate Triangular Balance
• Three main parts that
need to be in
meaningful design
and thus, balanced:
• Aesthetic
• Function and
• Economic
• **that meets people’s
needs (Architectural
balance)
7. Sustainable design
• Sustainable design is a collective process whereby the built
environment achieves new level of ecological balance through
new and retrofit construction.
• To achieve the balance design, we must look on the actual
needs of the people or occupants.
9. Occupants needs-
Comfort
• Lighting : natural lighting and artificial
lighting system
• Ventilation : natural ventilation and
mechanical ventilation
• Thermal control : method of building
design and construction
• Noise control : method of building
design and environment
• Humidity control : air conditioning
system
10. Occupants needs-
Safety And
Structural Stability
Buildings should provide
sufficient shading and
strength against external
factors:
• Live load and dead load
ie. Building structure,
occupants, machineries,
wind pressure
• Vibration and ground
movement
• Rain and snow
• Direct sun light/heat/fire
• Animals
11. Occupants needs-
Healthy
Healthy indoor and outdoor
environment is determined by
providing :
• Cold water supply system
• Sanitation and sewerage
system
• Drainage system
• Waste disposal system
12. Occupants needs-
Functionality
The design and performance of a good building should
satisfy the following basic functional requirements :
• Power supply
• Air-conditioning system
• Lift system
• Lighting system
• Fire safety system
• Telecommunication system
• Security system etc
• Intelligent Building System (Trends)
17. Understanding the
Big Picture
• The Earth’s climate is changing, and the global climate is projected to continue to
change over this century and beyond. The magnitude of climate change beyond
the next few decades will depend primarily on the amount of greenhouse (heat-
trapping) gases emitted globally and on the remaining uncertainty in the sensitivity
of the Earth’s climate to those emissions.
• Observations of the climate system are based on direct physical and
biogeochemical measurements, and remote sensing from ground stations and
satellites. Information derived from paleoclimate archives provides a long-term
context of past climates. Different types of environmental evidence are used to
understand what the Earth’s past climate was like and why.
18. MALAYSIA SCENARIO
• Malaysia's climate zones and its seasonal cycle for mean
temperature and precipitation for the latest climatology, 1991-
2020. Climate zone classifications are derived from the
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system, which divides
climates into five main climate groups divided based on
seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns.
• The five main groups are A (tropical), B (dry), C (temperate),
D (continental), and E (polar). All climates except for those in
the E group are assigned a seasonal precipitation sub-group
(second letter).
• Climate classifications are identified by hovering your mouse
over the legend. A narrative overview of Malaysia's country
context and climate is provided following the visualizations.
20. Difference Between Weather and
Climate
Weather
• concerns the current atmospheric
conditions including temperature,
rainfall, wind, and humidity at any given
place.
• Weather is what is happening right now
or likely to happen tomorrow or in the
very near future.
• Should you wear a jacket? Will it rain
tomorrow? Will we go to class tomorrow
if this heavy rain continues?
Climate
• Accounts for all past weather events
and for future climate predictions.
• Accurate climate data collected over a
long period can also provide useful
quantitative assessments of the
likelihood of various weather conditions
in the next several years.
• For example, in November, we expect it
to often be rainy in Terengganu,
Kelantan and Pantai Timor area.
21. DEFINITION - CLIMATE
• “Climate is a nature forces of ‘average weather’ driven by sun over
a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of
years. The classical period is 30 years. Climate, that influenced
the temperature, precipitations, the shifting of seasons and wind”.
• “Climate describes the average weather conditions for a particular
location and over a long period of time.”
World Meteorological Organization
22. DEFINITION - WEATHER
• “Weather describes short term natural events - such as fog,
rain, snow, blizzards, wind and thunder storms, tropical
cyclones, etc. - in a specific place and time. WMO
coordinates the worldwide efforts that are prerequisite for the
production of the accurate and timely weather forecasts.”
World Meteorological Organization
26. C L I M A T E Z O N E S
Climate is a concept used to divide the world into regions sharing
similar climatic parameters.
Climate regions can be classified on the basis of temperature and
precipitation (rain, snow, freezing rain).
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
1) Polar Climate - very cold and dry all year. E.g.
Antarctica, Greenland.
2) Temperate Climate - cold winters and mild summers.
E.g. Western Europe, North America
3) Arid climate - dry, hot all year, sandstorm. World famous
desert e.g. Sahara, Kalahari, Namibia.
27. c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
4) Tropical climate - hot and wet all year. E.g. Brazil,
Malaysia, South America, Indonesia, Myanmar.
5) Mediterranean climate – mild winters, dry hot
summers. E.g. countries located near Mediterranean
Sea.
6) Mountains climate – very cold all year . E.g. Everest,
Alps.
C L I M A T I C Z O N E S :
28. 1) Latitude
•Temperature range increases with distance from the equator.
•Also, temperatures decrease as you move away from the equator.
•This is because the suns rays are dispersed over a larger area of
land as you move away from the equator.
•This is due to the curved surface of the earth.
•In addition polar regions are colder because the suns rays have
further to travel compared to place on the equator.
2) Altitude
Temperatures decrease with height.
The air is less dense and cannot hold heat as easily.
8. factors that affect climate
29. 3) Winds
•If winds are warm - they have been blown from a hot
area - they will raise temperatures.
•If winds have been blown from cold areas they will lower
temperatures.
4)Distance from the sea
(continentality)
•Land heats and cools faster than the sea.
•Therefore coastal areas have a lower temperature range
than those areas inland.
•On the coast winters are mild and summers are cool.
•In inland areas temperatures are high in the summer
and cold in the winter.
30. 5) longitude
•Slopes facing the sun are warmer than those that are not.
•Thus south facing slopes in the northern hemisphere are usually warm.
•However, slopes facing north in the southern hemisphere are warmest.
North h South h date
SM W 21/5-21/7
A SP 22/8-22/10
W SM 22/11-21/1
SP A 21/2-21/4
Autumn
Spring
Winter
Summer
33. 9. ENVIRONMENT EFFECT / NATURE OF CLIMATE
A) CLIMATE FACTORS
The best way to understand climate factors by having some
analysis in 2 climate situation
i) Temperature
• Temperature different day and night or indoor and outdoor and
duration of daytime have a great effect to the thermal movement
in building.
• Normal temperature in Malaysia is 27oC to 34oC.
ii) Humidity
Percentage of water vapor content in air.
High percentage will encourage fungal growth especially at the
external wall.
Therefore surface treatment is essential in any tropical buildings.
34. iii) Precipitation
• Rain fall will effect the form of roof and rain water piping system
including the perimeter drain.
• Area near the equator with tropic climate, normally the selection on
pitch roof is dominant
iv) Sky condition
Cloud provide shading during daytime (direct sunlight)
v) Air movement / Wind
Wind velocity & quantity of rainfall will effect the design of:
• roof structure and covering
• the location and size of opening
vi) Solar radiation
The sun, which is the source of direct solar radiation affect the thermal
movement on the building fabric ie. Direct radiation on the finishes of
the roof, wall, or windows.
35. TYPES OF SOLAR RADIATION
1) DIRECT RADIATION :
comes direct from the sun
2) DIFFUSE RADIATION :
comes via scattering in the atmosphere
3) REFLECTED RADIATION :
Solar which reflected from landscape,
trees, wall, glass building etc.
4) ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION :
Is the infra red light which is radiated by
the sky to the surrounding landscape.
36. B) LOCAL FACTORS
Climate deviation / penyimpangan iklim
i) Topography ( in land) : slope, hilly, valleys.
Location of site at the higher/lower level ~ based
on sea water level. Each 100m higher difference, the
temperature will drop at 1oC.
Higher location normally will be surrounded by
clouds and with cold wind. The pressure
ii) Ground surface : natural or man made landscape /
hardscape.
iii) Three dimensional object : building, wall
ENVIRONMENT EFFECT / NATURE OF CLIMATE
(cont…)
37. WHY LOCAL CLIMATE STUDY IS IMPORTANT
BEFORE DESIGNING THE NEW BUILDINGS?
• To enhance human comfort as well as conserve
energy and resource. As a thermal comfort
requirement – occupant.
• To determine the suitable materials can be used
for that particular buildings from the climatic
environment in that area.
• To determine the standard design can be
adopted (ventilation system, orientation etc).
• To avoid any future problem related to the land
and site (effects on the environment).
39. Building Design Criteria
1. BUILDING FORM & ELEMENT
• Geometry form
• Spherical form
• Roof design : flat roof, pitch roof
• Wall design : load bearing wall, concrete wall, cavity wall
paneling, parapet wall, shading wall, ventilated wall
• Floor :suspended floor, solid floor
• Opening : size and type of opening, numbers, location, design
ie. canopy, sashes, sun breaker.
2. SELECTION OF MATERIAL
• Surrounding and nature of materials available
• Materials properties : thermal resistance, sound absorption
durability in climate/weather situation
40. 3. PLANNING AND ORIENTATION
• Geographical location on map : will determine the
characteristic of the climate ie, tropical, arid,
temperate, mediterranes, etc.
• Building orientation and sitting : whether the building
is facing north, south, east, west will effect the
quantity of solar radiation received.
• For muslim building, prayer room should be designed
to face the ‘qiblat’ direction. ie. mosque, musolla,
residential, etc.
• Building layout will determine the pattern of air flow
and air movement around building
• Surrounding area : streamline with the natural
surrounding and existing building ie. Bali Island
41. 11. c o n c l u s i o n
Climatic elements such as solar radiation,
precipitation, air temperature, wind velocity will effect
the design of roof, openings (door, window) and type
of materials used for buildings.
Characteristic of climate will influence human activity
in building as well as the design of the building.
It is important to design building with nature-approach
in order to provide comfortable shelter for the
occupants (balanced design).
