The document discusses various routes of drug administration other than oral administration. It addresses 12 different routes including buccal/sublingual, topical, intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal, pulmonary, intranasal, intraocular, vaginal, and intravenous. For each route, it outlines key factors that influence drug absorption such as vascularity of the administration site, drug lipophilicity, and epithelial barriers. It also provides examples of drugs administered via different routes.
3. ď The majority of drug are
administered generally orally.
ďBut in some cases it is not good route
of administration.
ďFor reason like patient non
compliance, first pass
effect, immediate drug action etc.
ďIn that cases other route are
preferable.
EX-Intramuscular
3
5. ď Drug places between tongue incase
of sublingual.
ďDrug places between cheek and gum
in case of buccal.
ďBarrier to drug absorption in this
route is epithelium of oral mucosa.
5
7. ďLipophilicity of drug
ďSalivary secretion
ďPh of saliva
ďBinding to oral mucosa
ďStorage compartment
ďThickness of oral epithelium
7
8. ď As self-contained discrete dosage form which when
applied to the intact skin deliver the drug's through the
skin, at controlled rate to the systemic circulation.
ďSKIN is the largest organ in body.
ďPrincipal barrier is stratum corneum.
8
10. STRATUM CAPILLARY LAYER
CORNEUM
BLOOD
CIRCULATION
DRUGS
UPTAKE
PERMEATION
Epidermis Dermis Sub dermal tissue
A MULTI LAYER SKIN MODEL SHOWING THE SEQUENCE OF
TRANSDERMAL PERMEATION OF DRUG
10
11. ďThickness of stratum corneum.
ďPresence of hair folicle
ďTrauma
ďHydration of skin
ďAge
ďGrooming
ďVehicle or base
ďEnvironmental humidity and
temperature
11
12. ďAbsorption of drug from intramuscular
relatively rapid.
ďFactor to consider
oVascularity of injection site
oLipid solubility
oMolecular size
oVolume of injection
oViscosity of injection vehicle
12
15. ďAbsorption of drug from subcutaneous site
slower than the intramuscular site.
ďRate of absorption from this site can
increase by.
1. Enhancing blood flow to the injection site
2. Increasing drug tissue contact area
15
17. ďDiminished popularity due to psychology.
ďImportant route for children and older person.
ďDrug given as suppositories or solution.
ďAbsorption from solution is better.
ďPresence of fecal matter in rectum retard
absorption of drug.
17
19. ďDrugs intended for systemic effect can be
administer by inhalation.
ďRapid exchange of gases between blood and
inspired air occur.
ďDrug administer as gases and aerosol.
ďAs large surface area of alveoli and rich
perfusion permit extremely rapid absorption.
ďParticle size of drop let should small 0.6 micron.
19
21. ďDrug absorption from nasal mucosa is rapid as
observe after parenteral administration.
ďRoute also treat local symptoms like nasal
congestion , rhinitis.
ďAbsorption depend upon drug lipophilicity.
ď factor to be consider pH and pathological
condition.
ďEX-ANTIHISTAMINS
21
23. ďDrug applied in conjunctival sac.
ďBarrier is cornea.
ďHigher ph decrease tear promote
absorption.
ďEye can hold 10micro liter of fluid.
23
24. ďDrug given for contraception, for bacterial
and fungal infection.
ďVaginal duct is 7.5-9cm long.
ďMechanism of transport is passive diffusion.
ďExample of drug-steroidal drug.
24
31. ď22-44Milo Glibaldi Biopharmaceutics and
Clinical
ď Pharmaceutics, Reprint 2006 , 4thEdn
published by Pharma book syndicate
Hydrabad, page number 24-32
ďRobert E.Notari Biopharmaceutics and
clinical Pharmaceutics, Second Indian reprint
2008, CBS Publisher and distributors New
Delhi, Page no.
ďLeon Shargel /Andrew B.C. YU.
Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutics, 4th
Edn 1999, Published by McGraw-Hill
companies New York, page no. 99-108
31