Patterns of development in Reading and Writing

1. PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
IN WRITING ACROSS
DISCIPLINES
Reading & Writing

2. ● Narration
● Description
● Definition
● Exemplification/ Classification
● Comparison and Contrast
● Cause and Effect
● Problem-Solution Essay
● Persuasion
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING ACROSS DISCIPLINES

3. Review
What was the previous lesson?

4. Exemplification
Explains
an idea or
point
Begins with
general
statement (topic
sentence)
followed with
examples

5. Choose the word/s that do/does not belong on
each line then write a category name for each
group.
1. German Shepherd, Golden Retriever,
Persian Siamese, Siberian Husky
2. on land, by water, by air, by bus
3. carrot, cabbage, radish, onion
4. jazz, rock, pop, ballet
5. coins, Dollar, Yen, Franc

6. Writing Pattern

7. Answer the following questions:
• Compare and Contrast the ant and
the grasshopper?
• Which do you think is better
between the two?
• What moral can be derived from
the fable?
• Which one are you?

8. Comparison
- Discuss elements that are
similar
Contrast
- Discusses elements or ideas
that are different

9. Compare-and-Contrast
Essay
- Analyzes two subjects
comparing them,
contrasting them, or both.

10. Two (2) ways to organize:
Point-by-point
- Addressing one
subject at a time
Block Method
- Compares
and contrasts
two subjects
one at a time

11. Some cohesive devices you can
use in showing similarities are
likewise, similar to, same with, like,
in the same manner. To show
contrast, cue words such as: on
the other hand, however, while,
different with, in contrast and the
like.

14. Read the text:
My sisters are as different as yin and yang in terms
of personality, appearance and intelligence. Tina, the
middle child in the family, prefers staying at home
than going out with her friends. She is slim, petite
and has dark skin. As characters from the books she
reads most of the time. In addition, she is very clever
in subjects like Math and Science which made her
graduate with Highest Honors from Senior High
School.

15. Read the text:
In contrast, my youngest sister, Joni, is the
opposite. She has an outgoing and friendly
personality. There is never a dull moment as she
is always ready with stories to tell. She is tall with
a round plump face and fair skin. Being the
youngest in the family, she is often asked to
perform during family gathering since she sings
and dances well. My sisters may be different from
each other but they adore one another.

16. 1. A compare-and-contrast writing analyzes
two subjects by __________.
2. The purpose of writing a comparison or
contrast essay is not to state what seems
so obvious about the things being
compared but __________.
3. The two main organizing strategies for
comparison-and-contrast writing are:
__________ and __________.

17. 1. Buying things online VS Buying things
at a shopping mall
2. The Best Pinoy dish: Adobo VS
Pinakbet
3. Math vs English: which class is easier?
4. Jollibee or Mang Inasal?
5. Being in a Relationship Vs. Being
Single

18. Iphone 14
Pro Max
What
is it?

19. Is Iphone 14 Pro Max worth spending? Yes or No
One of the company’s recent novelties is the Iphone
14 Pro max – a newer and more advanced version of
the most popular phone in the world. However, the
previous model, Iphone 13, seemed to have been
satisfying people’s need just fine as well. So, what is
the difference?

20. Persuasive Text

21. Persuasive Text
-argument,
discussion,
exposition,
review or
advertisement

22. Parts of a Persuasive Writing (I + B3R +
C)
A: INTRODUCTION - Articulate your
source of information with a thesis
statement (reaction to the issue)
B: Body - List at least 3 resons for
your opinions
C: Conclusion - Restate your opinion
in a persuasive way

23. Undoubtedly
Furthermore
For example
Fortunately
Most likely
All
For
Feel
Best
None
Always
Against
Use words that reveal personal
judgment or viewpoint:

24. Exactly
reason
Should
Everybody
Worst
Definitely
Must
Remember
Use words that reveal personal
judgment or viewpoint:

25. Persuasive Text

26. ISSUE
This will serve as a
background
information about the
topic.

27. ARGUMENT
An argument is one’s
claim or position that can
either support or reject the
issue previously stated.

28. EVIDENCES
- It will give details on how and why it
supports the argument.
- Evidences can be factual, logical,
statistical or anecdotal in nature. It can
also explain counterarguments not
because the writer wants to prove which
claims are wrong or right but to enlighten
the readers about other positions.

29. CONCLUSION
- restating the main argument of
the text will be the end of the
text.
- This will be your final
statement to persuade your
readers.

30. Example of Persuasive WRITING
Escalating conflict in Ukraine poses an immediate
and growing threat to the lives and well-being of the
country’s 7.5 million children. Humanitarian needs are
multiplying – and spreading by the hour. Children have been
killed. Children have been wounded. They are being
profoundly traumatized by the violence all around them.
Undoubtedly, hundreds and thousands of people are on the
move, and family members are becoming separated from
their loved ones.
We must protect all children in Ukraine. Now. They
need peace. Let’s start helping not just the children but all
the victims of this conflict. STOP THE WAR NOW!

31. Complete the statements to sum up your key learning for
this lesson.
1. An __________ serves as a background information
about the topic.
2. Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched
__________.
3. A __________ restating the main argument of the text
will be the end of the text.
4. . __________ is a type of paragraph development that
focuses on presenting points of view
5. An __________ is one’s claim or position that can either
support or reject the issue previously stated.

32. The class will be divided into groups.
Each group will pick a number to know
what type of persuasive writing
advertisement they need to do
according to specifications stated on
the board. Finished outputs will be
posted on Facebook.

34. Write a persuasive text to
encourage incoming
senior high school to
choose the strand you are
enrolled in.

35. Write a persuasive essay about:
1. Has the rise of the internet given a positive or negative impact on
education?
Claim:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2. Should world governments get involved in addressing climate
change? Claim:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

37. CAUSE & EFFECT

38. - is a text development pattern that
explains WHY something happens.
- It also states WHAT results in a
particular event produces.
- It usually gives a statement emphasizing
the cause and another emphasizing the
effect.

39. It is used when you are
explaining why something
happened or is happening.
You’re also demonstrating
how one thing affects
another. (Gabelo et al.
2016)

40. The following guide questions can be
used for cause-effect development:
Why did it happen?
What caused it?
What does it cause?
What are the effects?
How is it related to something
else?

41. Ishikawa Diagram or Fishbone
Diagram
is the most effective visual
representation of causes and effects.
The ‘fish head’ represents the main
problem.
The potential causes of the problem,
usually derived from brainstorming
sessions or research, are indicated in the
“fish bones” of the diagram.

43. Further, in developing your texts
you can use signal words like as a
consequence of, as a result of,
because, because of, now that, and
since to express cause while
accordingly, consequently, hence,
so, therefore, and this resulted in,
to signify effects

44. Take Note:
Cause-and-effect texts
are important because they
attempt to explain the
reasons for things that
occur in life.

45. Put a check (✓) if the item is suited for a
cause-and-effect text or a cross (x) if not.
____ 1. How to play drums
____ 2. Impact of technology in education
____ 3. Importance of daily reading habit
____ 4. The increased drop-out rate in a
school.
____ 5. The act of kindness

46. Exercises: Write the cause and the effect
from each sentence. Underline the signal
word that helped you.
1. It had begun to rain, so Sadio and Yusuf had to run
inside.
Cause:____________________________________________
____ Effect:
______________________________________________________
Keyword: __________
2. Since it was so chilly and damp outside, Ahmed built a
big fire in his fireplace.
Cause:____________________________________________
____

47. 3. Crizza was getting very frustrated
and angry because none of her good
being recognized at work.
4. In the movie “The Wizard of Oz”, a
tornado picked up Aunty Lily’s house
as a result, Dorothy and Toto ended
wonderful world of Oz.

48. Complete the given statements to sum up your learning for this
lesson.
1. Cause and effect is a text development pattern explains
___________ something happens and states
___________results a particular event produces.
2. ___________focuses on: why did the topic happen; what
caused it; what does it cause; what are its effects; and how
is it related to something else.
3. Signal words used in introducing cause include:
_______________________ (Give 1 example)
4. Signal words used in introducing effect include:
_______________________ (Give 1 example)
5. Who is the inventor of the Fish bone diagram.

49. PROBLEM-
SOLUTION

50. Problem
A source of
perplexity, distress,
or vexation.

51. Solution
An action or
process of solving a
problem

52. CAUSE & EFFECT
- “why” and “what happened” questions
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
- “how” - How will we do things and how
we can resolve issues or concerns
around us
Problem-Solution:

54. A problem/solution essay
presents a problem, usually
discussing several aspects of
the problem, then concludes
by discussing solutions to the
problem.

55.  Define the problem to be solved.
 Decide how to organize your writing.
 Write a thesis statement.
 Support your thesis with examples and
details.
 Gather supporting information.
 Brainstorm to identify several solutions.
 Write a strong conclusion.

56. The problem may be addressed in
the following ways:
Effects only • Describe the problem only in terms of its
effects.
• Use examples.
Causes and
effects
• Outline the causes of the problem.
• Discuss solutions in terms of preventive
measures.
Extended
example
• After a topic sentence, illustrate the problem
by using an extended example (through a
story or an anecdote from your introduction).

57. How to prevent diabetes?
For example:
Your neighbor is prone to diabetes because of his family
history regarding the disease yet he always skips his
breakfast, snubs fish, and loves to drink Colas. You
might first talk to him; if that doesn’t work, arrange for a
mediator (medical expert; doctor)

59. Arrange the following steps in developing a
problem-and-solution text.
_____ Brainstorm to identify several solutions.
_____ Gather supporting information.
_____ Define the problem to be solved.
_____ Decide how to organize your writing.
_____ Write a thesis statement.
_____ Support your thesis with examples and
details.
_____ Write a strong conclusion.

60. List down the top three problems
of millennials today. Then
propose possible solutions to
each of your identified problems.
You can use this as a
springboard in writing a problem-
solution text.