This study explored the role of miR-630 in enhancing the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of BRCA1 mutant triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. The researchers found that combining carboplatin and gemcitabine chemotherapy with the PARP inhibitor olaparib upregulated miR-630 expression in BRCA1 mutant MDA-MB-436 and HCC1937 TNBC cell lines. Overexpression of miR-630 suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, whereas inhibition of miR-630 increased these effects. Therefore, miR-630 plays an important tumor suppressor role in increasing the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of PARP inhibitors for BRCA1 mutant TNBC, which may be one mechanism of how PAR

1. 169
OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of BRCA-1 in path­
ogenesis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and
molecular mechanism.
STUDY DESIGN: Two BRCA-1 mutant TNBC cell
lines, MDA-MB-436 and HCC1937, were screened for
differentially expressed miRNAs by miRNA microarray
after treatment by carboplatin plus gemcitabine with
or without the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)
inhibitor olaparib. After verification by qRT-PCR, miR-
630 was selected for further studies. After treatment or
transfection, cell growth was detected by MTT assay,
and cell migration and invasion capacities were tested
by scratch and transwell assays, respectively.
RESULTS: In BRCA-1 mutant MDA-MB-436 and
HCC1937 cells, carboplatin plus gemcitabine combined
with PARP inhibitor olaparib upregulated miR-630
expression. Overexpression of miR-630 suppressed
cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, whereas
inhibition of miR-630 had opposite effects.
CONCLUSION: As a tumor suppressor, miR-630 plays
an important role in increasing the chemotherapeutic
sensitivity of PARP inhibitors. This may be one of
the mechanisms by which PARP inhibitors enhance
the sensitivity of BRCA-1 mutant TNBC cells to
chemotherapy. (Anal Quant Cytopathol Histpathol
2019;41:169–176)
Keywords: breast cancer; carboplatin; chemother­
apy; immunotherapy; miR-630; olaparib; triple-
negative breast cancer.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), as a special
type of breast cancer with more aggressive clini-
cal manifestations, easily undergoes early metas-
tasis and lacks recognizable therapeutic targets,
with few clinically available therapies and poor
treatment outcomes. Therefore, patients with TNBC
have worse prognosis and shorter survival time
than do those with other breast cancer subtypes.1
At present, TNBC is treated mainly with chemo­
therapy.2 TNBC has recently been proven to be a
disease with high molecular heterogeneity,3 such
as BRCA1/2 mutant type.
BRCA1 gene is located on the long arm of hu-
Analytical and Quantitative Cytopathology and Histopathology®
0884-6812/19/4105-0169/$18.00/0 © Science Printers and Publishers, Inc.
Analytical and Quantitative Cytopathology and Histopathology®
Olaparib Upregulates miR-630 Expression to
Enhance the Chemotherapeutic Sensitivity of
BRCA-1 Mutant Triple-Negative Breast
Cancer Cell Lines
Qun Hu, Ph.D., M.D., Chao Li, M.M., Caixia Liu, M.M., Lijuan Chang, M.M.,
Ze Xing, M.M., Haiyan Zhao, M.D., Ranhua Cao, M.D., and Wuyun Su, M.M.
From the Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, P. R. China.
Drs. Hu and Su are Professors.
Drs. Li, Xing, and Zhao are Attending Physicians.
Dr. Liu is Associate Professor.
Dr. Chang is Resident Physician.
Dr. Cao is Deputy Director of the Physician.
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (No. 2016MS0820).
Address correspondence to: Wuyun Su, M.M., Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical
University, Tongdao North Street No. 1, Hohhot 010050, P. R. China (murraydukejal@yahoo.com).
Financial Disclosure: The authors have no connection to any companies or products mentioned in this article.

2. man chromosome 17. It is expressed not only in
breast tissue, but also in other tissues and cells.
As a tumor suppressor, BRCA1 plays crucial roles
in regulating normal cell growth and DNA dam-
age repair.4 If the BRCA gene is mutated, the nor­
mal repair of DNA is limited, so that cells are
more likely to accumulate harmful DNA damage,
and the population carrying BRCA mutations
has high cancer susceptibility.5 Guedaoura et al
reported that there were heritable mutations in
BRCA1 and BRCA2.6 About 50% of patients with
familial breast cancer have BRCA1 mutations,
most of whom have TNBC, while such mutation
rate of patients with ovarian cancer is up to 80%.
The rate of BRCA2 mutation in familial breast
cancer reaches 35%. In addition, the genetic muta-
tions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been significant-
ly correlated with familial breast cancer.
As one of the DNA repair enzymes, poly(ADP-
ribose) polymerase (PARP) can recognize single-
strand DNA breaks and then initiate repair. PARP
inhibitors, such as olaparib, were originally used
to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs
and are currently used to treat tumors with DNA
repair deficiency.7 Clinical trials have demon­
strated that platinum-based chemotherapeutic reg­
imens offered more benefits to TNBC patients
as compared with others, especially to those with
BRCA1/2 mutations. Accordingly, many studies
have combined platinum-based chemotherapeutic
regimens with PARP inhibitors.
MiRNAs are endogenous, noncoding, and small-
molecule RNAs that can promote mRNA degrada­
tion and/or translation by incomplete or complete
pairing with the 3’-UTR region, thereby negatively
regulating its expression at the posttranscription-
al level. Many life activities, such as cell prolifera-
tion, differentiation, apoptosis, aging, and individ­
ual development, are regulated by miRNAs, and
the onset and progression of malignant tumors
are also closely related to miRNAs.8,9 In addition,
many drugs also exert therapeutic effects by regu­
lating the expressions of miRNAs. For example,
trastuzumab works by upregulating the expres­
sions of miR-26a and miR-30b, then inhibiting the
growth of breast cancer cells.10
Therefore, we herein selected a platinum-based
chemotherapeutic regimen to treat breast cancer
recommended by the National Comprehensive
Cancer Network, i.e., carboplatin plus gemcita-
bine. Afterwards, we screened the miRNAs differ­
entially expressed in two BRCA1 mutant TNBC
cell lines (MDA-MB-436 and HCC1937) treated
by carboplatin plus gemcitabine with or without
PARP inhibitor olaparib. From the screened mi-
RNAs with differential expressions, miR-630 was
selected for further study after PCR validation.
The in vitro roles of miR-630 in BRCA1 mutant
TNBC cells were explored. The results provide a
potentially feasible therapy for TNBC.
Materials and Methods
Cell Lines and Main Reagents
BRCA1 mutant TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-436 and
HCC1937 were purchased from Shanghai Institute
of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Acad-
emy of Sciences (China). The cells were cultured
with RPMI 1640 medium or DMEM supplement­
ed with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 μg/mL
streptomycin, and 100 U/mL penicillin in a 37°C
incubator with 5% CO2. MiR-630 negative control,
miR-630 mimics, and miR-630 inhibitors were
bought from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd.
(China). Carboplatin, gemcitabine, and olaparib
were obtained from Selleck Chemicals (USA).
Detection of Cell Proliferation by MTT Assay
MDA-MB-436 and HCC1937 cells in the logarith-
mic growth phase were collected, and the con­
centration of cell suspension was adjusted. With
100 μL each well, the cells were seeded into 96-
well plates at the density of about 1,000–10,000/
well. The edge wells added sterile normal saline.
Subsequently, the cells were incubated at 37°C
with 5% CO2 for monolayer adherent growth,
added designed concentrations of drugs, and
observed under a microscope at different time
points to record cell growth. After a treatment time
was reached, 20 μL of MTT solution (5 mg/mL
MTT) was added to each well for another 4 hours
of culture at 37°C. The culture was terminated
after 4 hours, and the medium in each well was
carefully pipetted with a syringe. Then 200 μL of
DMSO was added to each well and shaken at a
low speed for 10 minutes on a shaker to fully dis­
solve resulting crystals. Finally, the optical density
of each well was measured by a microplate reader
at 490 nm.
MiRNA Microarray
Total RNA was extracted from MDA-MB-436 and
HCC1937 cells treated with GEM plus CBP with
or without olaparib for 72 hours using TRIzol (In-
vitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s
170 Analytical and Quantitative Cytopathology and Histopathology®
Hu et al

3. instructions. Small RNA was extracted by using
a mirVana kit (Ambion, Austin, Texas, USA) and
subsequently labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 fluores­
cent dyes, which were applied for hybridization to
dual-channel microarrays on each chip consisting
of 2,576 probes to detect 1,321 human miRNAs.
The raw data were normalized and adjusted using
Gene Pix Pro 4.0 software, and obvious outliers
were removed. The miRNA expressions of the
experimental group (treated with CBP plus GEM
with olaparib) were compared with those of the
corresponding control group (treated with CBP
plus GEM), and the fold changes were calculated.
Student’s t test was performed to compare ex-
perimental and control groups in the same line,
and miRNAs with p<0.05 were chosen for cluster
analysis using the hierarchical method.
Cell Transfection
MDA-MB-436 and HCC1937 cells were transfected
with miR-630 mimics (5′-UGGGCUAAGGGAGA-
UGAUUGGGUA-3′), negative control oligonucleo-
tide (miR-NC, 5′-UCCUCCGAACGUGUCACG-
UTT-3′), 2′-O-methyl-modified miR-630 inhibitor
(anti-miR-630, 5′-UACCCAAUCAUCUCCCUUA-
GCCCA-3′) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen)
according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Scratch Assay
Cells were seeded in six-well plates and incubated
to generate confluent cultures. Wounds were
scratched in the cell monolayer using a 200 μL
sterile pipette tip. The cells were thereafter rinsed
with PBS. The cell migration at the scratch edge
was photographed at 0 and 48 hours.
Transwell Assay
The invasion capacities of MDA-MB-436 and
HCC1937 cells were determined using 24-well
Transwell chambers (Costar, USA) coated with
Matrigel (BD Pharmingen, San Jose, California,
USA). After transfection, approximately 1×105
cells/200 μL were plated in medium without
serum at the top chamber of each transwell. Then
800 μL of medium supplemented with 10% fetal
bovine serum was injected into the lower cham-
ber. After 24 hours of incubation, the inserts were
fixed with 100% methanol, stained with crystal vi-
olet, and photographed under the microscope.
Statistical Analysis
Data from at least 3 independent experiments were
represented as mean±standard error of the mean.
Differences between groups were compared using
Student’s t test or one-way analysis of variance
using SPSS 19.0 software package (SPSS Inc., USA).
Results
Effects of Carboplatin Plus Gemcitabine Combined
with Olaparib on BRCA-1 Mutant TNBC Cells
MTT assay was performed after treatment with
carboplatin (10 μM) plus gemcitabine (100 nM)
or carboplatin plus gemcitabine combined with
olaparib (10 nM). As compared with carboplatin
plus gemcitabine, carboplatin plus gemcitabine
combined with olaparib significantly inhibited the
proliferation of BRCA-1 mutant MDA-MB-436 and
HCC1937 cells (Figure 1).
MiRNA Microarray and qRT-PCR Results of
Differentially Expressed miRNAs
For MDA-MB-436 and HCC1937 cells treated with
carboplatin plus gemcitabine with or without ola­
parib, miRNA microarray study was conducted
to screen differentially expressed miRNAs. The
miRNA expression fold changes of 1.5 compared
with those of control groups (treated by carbo­
platin plus gemcitabine) were set. As a result, the
7 miRNAs (miR-630, miR-574-5p, miR-6759-5p,
miR-640, miR-1322, miR-6813-3p, and miR-1973)
with the largest fold changes were screened out
(Figure 2).
Then these miRNAs were subjected to qRT-
PCR. The expression changes of 5 miRNAs (miR-
630, miR-640, miR-1322, miR-574-5p, and miR-
6759-5p) were consistent with those of the miRNA
microarray study, among which miR-630 had
most significant differential expression (Figure 3).
Therefore, miR-630 was selected for subsequent
studies.
Construction of MDA-MB-436 and HCC1937 Cells
with Stable miR-630 Upregulation or Downregulation
To explore the role of miR-630 in BRCA-1 mutant
TNBC cells, MDA-MB-436 and HCC1937 cells were
transfected with miR-NC, miR-630 mimics, and
miR-630 inhibitor, respectively. qRT-PCR showed
that in these cells, miR-630 mimics significantly
upregulated miR-630 expression, whereas miR-
630 inhibitor significantly downregulated the ex-
pression (Figure 4).
Influence of miR-630 on Cell Proliferation
MTT assay was performed for the cells trans­
Volume 41, Number 5/October 2019 171
Olaparib, miR-630, BRCA-1, and Breast Cancer

4. fected with miR-NC, miR-630 mimics, and miR-
630 inhibitor. Compared with the control group,
miR-630 overexpression significantly inhibited the
growth of BRCA-1 mutant TNBC cells. In con­
trast, miR-630 inhibitor significantly promoted cell
growth (Figure 5).
Influence of miR-630 on Cell Migration
Scratch assay proved that miR-630 overexpres­
sion significantly suppressed the migration of
MDA-MB-436 and HCC1937 cells. On the con­
trary, inhibiting miR-630 expression facilitated cell
migration (Figure 6).
172 Analytical and Quantitative Cytopathology and Histopathology®
Hu et al
Figure 1
MTT assay results for effects of
carboplatin plus gemcitabine
combined with olaparib on
BRCA-1 mutant TNBC cells.
*Intergroup comparison at the
same time point, p<0.05.
Figure 2
MiRNA microarray results
of differentially expressed
miRNAs in MDA-MB-436
and HCC1937 cells after
treatment by carboplatin plus
gemcitabine with or without
olaparib. The heatmap was
plotted based on normalized
Z scores of relative miRNA
expressions.

5. Influence of miR-630 on Cell Invasion
MiR-630 overexpression significantly inhibited
the invasion of MDA-MB-436 and HCC1937 cells,
but suppressing miR-630 promoted cell invasion
(Figure 7).
Discussion
Most patients with TNBC have BRCA-1 deletion
or mutation.11 TNBC and BRCA-1 mutant breast
cancer have many similarities in molecular char­
acteristics and biological behavior, such as the fol-
lowing: mostly estrogen-receptor–negative, CK5/6
positive, Ki67 positive, epidermal growth factor
receptor positive, P53 gene mutations, mostly in-
vasive ductal carcinoma, and sensitivity to che­
motherapy but with poor prognosis, prone to
metastasis, and recurrence. About 80% of breast
cancer patients with BRCA-1 germline mutations
Volume 41, Number 5/October 2019 173
Olaparib, miR-630, BRCA-1, and Breast Cancer
Figure 3
qRT-PCR validation of
7 differentially expressed
miRNAs.
*Intergroup comparison,
p<0.05.

6. are TNBC cases.12 Thus, there may be a related
signaling pathway between TNBC and BRCA-1
mutant breast cancer. The sensitivity of TNBC to
cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs may be related
to BRCA-1 mutation. BRCA-1 plays crucial roles
in DNA repair, mRNA transcription, and cell cycle
regulation. The risk of developing BRCA-1 gene
deletion is up to 82% in breast cancer, and the risk
of developing a BRCA-1 gene mutation in breast
cancer is 5%.13 There is currently no individualized
treatment plan for TNBC, and chemotherapy can
be selected only based on the experience of the
clinician and the relevant clinical findings of breast
cancer. Breast cancers containing BRCA-1 mutation
are not sensitive to conventional chemotherapeutic
drugs but are highly sensitive to platinum drugs.
The effects of carboplatin, cisplatin, and docetaxel
on TNBC have been widely evaluated. Neverthe­
less, more effec­
tive therapies are still needed.
174 Analytical and Quantitative Cytopathology and Histopathology®
Hu et al
Figure 4 qRT-PCR results of miR-630 expressions in MDA-MB-
436 and HCC1937 cells transfected with miR-NC, miR-630
mimics, and miR-630 inhibitor.
*Intergroup comparison, p<0.05.
Figure 5
MTT assay results for
proliferation of MDA-MB-436
and HCC1937 cells transfected
with miR-NC, miR-630
mimics, and miR-630
inhibitor.
*Intergroup comparison,
p<0.05.

7. PARP is a ribozyme involved in DNA repair,
and it plays an important role in DNA damage
repair. PARP inhibitors are drugs developed for
this target. MiRNAs have been shown to be ef-
fective and rational regulators involved in a vari­
ety of complex physiological and pathological
processes. Multiple miRNAs can regulate the
same gene and can also be combined to fine-tune
Volume 41, Number 5/October 2019 175
Olaparib, miR-630, BRCA-1, and Breast Cancer
the expression of a gene. Wang et al reported
that dysfunction or dysregulation of miRNAs
was associated with chemosensitivity and drug re-
sistance.14 For example, miR-224 can promote the
sensitivity of osteosarcoma cells to cisplatin by
targeting to Racl,15 and miR-205 can increase the
sensitivity of breast cancer patients to docetaxel.8
There have been clinical trials to identify patients
Figure 6
Scratch assay results for
migration of MDA-MB-436
and HCC1937 cells transfected
with miR-NC, miR-630
mimics, and miR-630
inhibitor.
*Intergroup comparison,
p<0.05.
Figure 7
Transwell assay results for
invasion of MDA-MB-436 and
HCC1937 cells transfected
with miR-NC, miR-630
mimics, and miR-630
inhibitor.
*Intergroup comparison,
p<0.05.

8. with metastatic TNBC who are expected to benefit
from platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
Using miRNA microarray and RT-PCR tech­
nology, we herein first screened and confirmed
differentially expressed miRNAs. We found that
miR-630 may be an important regulator of the
difference. Chu et al detected the expression of
miR-630 in gastric cancer tissues and adjacent
normal gastric tissues of 236 patients with gastric
cancer who had not undergone chemoradio-
therapy and found that miR-630 expression was
decreased in gastric cancer tissues. Follow-up
revealed that the expression of miR-630 was as-
sociated with prognosis in patients with gastric
cancer.16 Moreover, miR-630 plays a key role in
the progression of colon cancer and liver cancer.17
Furthermore, Song et al found that miR-630 can
participate in the regulation of proliferation and
deterioration of lung cancer cells by targeting
inhibition of LMO3.18 This study also focused on
the function of miR-630 in BRCA-1 mutant TNBC
cells and found that miR-630 overexpression in-
hibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.
In summary, miR-630 acted as a tumor suppres­
sor and dominantly participated in increasing the
chemosensitivity of the PARP inhibitor. This may
be one of the mechanisms by which PARP inhib­
itors increase the sensitivity of BRCA-1 mutant
TNBC to chemotherapy.
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