Originally posted in the February 2012 edition of Corgentum Consulting's Operational Due Diligence Insights.

1. The Master-Feeder Conundrum
A commonly employed fund legal structure, which is popular among both hedge funds and private
equity funds, is the master-feeder structure. Under this type of two-tiered structure, a master fund
sits above a feeder fund. Investors typically allocate capital to a feeder fund, which then takes this
capital and makes an investment in the master fund. Ultimately, it is the master fund that makes the
investments on behalf of the whole fund complex.
The master-feeder fund relationship is one which is replete with operational intricacies. When one
gets into the operational nuts and bolts of the ways in which these different fund vehicles interact,
the complexity of such relationships may at first be overwhelming. Putting aside the legal pros and
cons of such a fund, arrangements aside, during the operational due diligence process a number of
other operational complexities may surface regarding this structure. Many of these additional layers
of detail typically center around accounting procedures. Examples of these items can include the
allocation of trades among the funds, distribution of profits and losses among the funds, the
allocation of management and incentive fees, the tax allocation implications of multiple fund
arrangement, and tracking of the fund’s inflows from the master and feeder funds.
While each of these considerations could merit their own separate discussion, in this article we
instead want to focus on a different aspect of the master feeder relationship as reflected in the
audited financial statements of funds. During the operational due diligence process, one of the key
documents investors may seek to collect are the audited financial statements of the fund(s) under
consideration. Typically an investor is considering allocating capital towards one fund vehicle in
particular. In a master-feeder situation, there are typically at a minimum, fund vehicles that are
appropriate for onshore or domestic investors and one which is more appropriate for offshore or
foreign investors. From a U.S. perspective, the onshore vehicle is typically organized via a limited
partnership or "L.P." structure where the offshore vehicle is via a Limited Liability Company or "Ltd."
Investors may tend to focus the bulk of their due diligence efforts on a particular fund vehicle which
is most appropriate for them. This is a dangerous trap that can lead many investors astray. Not only
is it considered best practice that investors consider all other pari passu funds in the same complex
(i.e. - a domestic investor should review the offshore fund as well), but also to consider the role of the
master fund.
Continuing our example, when collecting and reviewing audited financial statements; investors
should request both the onshore and offshore audits. It is also advisable for investors to collect and
review the master fund's financial statements as well. Once all of these statements have been
collected, how is an investor to go about reconciling these statements?
What exactly should investors look for? While the analysis of fund audited financial statements can
be a complex and time consuming exercise, there are a number of basic checks investors can
perform as part of the operational due diligence process, to ensure the basics of the master-feeder
relationship are functioning properly among the multiple funds. These checks can include:
 Do the feeder funds own 100% of the master fund?
 If not, are there other fund vehicles for which you have not reviewed the audited financial
statements for?

2.  Can you track the allocation of fund expenses from the master to the feeder funds?
 What about the allocation of profit and losses?
 At which level are fees such as management fee and performance fee charged? The master
level? The feeder level? Do the financial statements accurately reflect your understanding of
this arrangement?
 Have the fund's always been organized in this manner?
Making the situation more complex can be situations in which feeder funds invest in multiple
masters or when investors make investments directly into the master fund skipping the feeders
altogether. Analyzing the relationship among master-feeder funds is a good example of an area
where investors should coordinate their reviews of the fund’s legal documents, such as the offering
memoranda, and the review of the audited financial statements. By taking the time to understand
the way in which a master fund and feeder fund interact via audited financial statement analysis,
investors will likely be able to better target the focus of their operational due diligence reviews to
ensure that they fully vet the intricacies of these relationships.
Originally posted in the February 2012 edition of Corgentum Consulting's Operational Due
Diligence Insights.
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About Corgentum Consulting:
Corgentum Consulting is a specialist consulting firm which performs operational due diligence
reviews of fund managers. The firm works with investors including fund of funds, pensions,
endowments, banks ultra-high net-worth individuals, and family offices to conduct the industry's
most comprehensive operational due diligence reviews. Corgentum's work covers all fund strategies
globally including hedge funds, private equity, real estate funds, and traditional funds. The firm's sole
focus on operational due diligence, veteran experience, innovative original research and
fundamental bottom up approach to due diligence allows Corgentum to ensure that the firm's clients
avoid unnecessary operational risks. Corgentum is headquartered at 26 Journal Square, Suite 1005
in Jersey City, New Jersey, 07306. Phone 201-360-2430. For more information visit,
www.Corgentum.com or follow us on Twitter @Corgentum.